User Commands XCALC(1)
NAME
xcalc - scientific calculator for X
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/xcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]
DESCRIPTION
xcalc is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can
emulate a TI-30 or an HP-10C.
OPTIONSxcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line
options along with two additional options:-stipple
This option indicates that the background of the calculator should be drawn using a stipple of the foreground and background colors. On monochrome displays improves the appearance.-rpn This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation
should be used. In this mode the calculator willlook and behave like an HP-10C. Without this flag,
it will emulate a TI-30.
OPERATIONPointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer but-
ton 1, or in some cases, with the keyboard. Many common cal-
culator operations have keyboard accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/-
key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you
would expect them to. It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of precedence. Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35". The parentheses can be used to override this. For example, "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)=" results in "6*15=90". The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order to paste the result of a calculation into text. The action procedures associated with each function are given below. These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator. The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n is the corresponding digit, 0..9. 1/x Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal. The corresponding action procedure is reciprocal().X Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 1
User Commands XCALC(1) x^2 Squares the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is square(). SQRT Takes the square root of the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is squareRoot().CE/C When pressed once, clears the number in the display without clearing the state of the machine.
Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mis-
take. Pressing it twice clears the state, also. The corresponding action procedure for TI mode is clear(). AC Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. The action procedure to clear the state is off(); to quit, quit(). INV Invert function. See the individual function keys for details. The corresponding action procedure is inverse(). sin Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If inverted, it computes the arcsine. The corresponding action procedure is sine(). cos Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is cosine(). tan Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is tangent(). DRG Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG','RAD', or 'GRAD' at the bottom of of the calcula-
tor ``liquid crystal'' display. When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being degrees. In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and in 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted, the DRG key has a feature of convertingdegrees to radians to grads and vice-versa. Exam-
ple: put the calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter "45 INV DRG". The display should now show something along the lines of ".785398", which is45 degrees converted to radians. The correspond-
ing action procedure is degree(). e The constant 'e'. (2.7182818...). The corresponding action procedure is e().X Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 2
User Commands XCALC(1)EE Used for entering exponential numbers. For exam-
ple, to get "-2.3E-4" you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4
+/-". The corresponding action procedure is
scientific(). log Calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "10.0" to the number in the display. For example, entering "3INV log" should result in "1000". The correspond-
ing action procedure is logarithm(). ln Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "e" to the number in the display. For example, entering "e ln" should result in "1". The corresponding action procedure is naturalLog(). y^x Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right. For example "2 y^x 3 ="results in "8", which is 2^3. For a further exam-
ple, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6 y^x 3" which equals "216". The corresponding action procedure is power(). PI The constant 'pi'. (3.1415927....) The corresponding action procedure is pi(). x! Computes the factorial of the number in the display. The number in the display must be aninteger in the range 0-500, though, depending on
your math library, it might overflow long beforethat. The corresponding action procedure is fac-
torial().( Left parenthesis. The corresponding action pro-
cedure for TI calculators is leftParen().) Right parenthesis. The corresponding action pro-
cedure for TI calculators is rightParen(). / Division. The corresponding action procedure is divide().* Multiplication. The corresponding action pro-
cedure is multiply().- Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure
is subtract(). + Addition. The corresponding action procedure is add().X Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 3
User Commands XCALC(1)= Perform calculation. The TI-specific action pro-
cedure is equal(). STO Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is store(). RCL Copies the number from the memory location to the display. The corresponding action procedure is recall(). SUM Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is sum(). EXC Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure for the TI calculator is exchange().+/- Negate; change sign. The corresponding action
procedure is negate(). . Decimal point. The action procedure is decimal(). Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS(change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what
you would expect them to do. Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode. The differences are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter().<- This is a backspace key that can be used if you
make a mistake while entering a number. It willerase digits from the display. (See BUGS).
Inverse backspace will clear the X register. The corresponding action procedure is back(). ON Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. To clear state, the action procedure is off; to quit, quit(). INV Inverts the meaning of the function keys. Thiswould be the f key on an HP calculator, but xcalc
does not display multiple legends on each key. See the individual function keys for details. 10^x Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. TheX Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 4
User Commands XCALC(1) corresponding action procedure is tenpower(). e^x Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. The action procedure is epower(). STO Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location. There are 10 memory locations. The desired memory is specified by following this key with a digit key.RCL Pushes the number from the specified memory loca-
tion onto the stack. SUM Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the specified memory location.x:y Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack posi-
tions, the X and Y registers. The corresponding action procedure is XexchangeY(). R v Rolls the stack downward. When inverted, it rollsthe stack upward. The corresponding action pro-
cedure is roll(). blank These keys were used for programming functions onthe HP-10C. Their functionality has not been
duplicated in xcalc.
Finally, there are two additional action procedures:bell(), which rings the bell; and selection(), which per-
forms a cut on the entire number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display. ACCELERATORSAccelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. xcalc
provides some sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators. The numeric keypad acceleratorsprovided by xcalc should be intuitively correct. The
accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are given
below: TI Key HP Key Keyboard Accelerator TI Function HP Function SQRT SQRT r squareRoot() squareRoot() AC ON space clear() clear()AC <- Delete clear() back()
AC <- Backspace clear() back()
AC <- Control-H clear() back()
AC Clear clear() AC ON q quit() quit()X Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 5
User Commands XCALC(1)AC ON Control-C quit() quit()
INV i i inverse() inverse() sin s s sine() sine() cos c c cosine() cosine() tan t t tangent() tangent() DRG DRG d degree() degree() e e e() ln ln l naturalLog() naturalLog() y^x y^x ^ power() power() PI PI p pi() pi() x! x! ! factorial() factorial() ( ( leftParen() ) ) rightParen() / / / divide() divide() * * * multiply() multiply()- - - subtract() subtract()
+ + + add() add() = = equal() 0..9 0..9 0..9 digit() digit() . . . decimal() decimal()+/- CHS n negate() negate()
x:y x XexchangeY() ENTR Return enter() ENTR Linefeed enter() CUSTOMIZATION The application class name is XCalc.xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which speci-
fies the position, label, and function of each key on the calculator. It also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. Because these resources are not specified in the source code, you can create a customized calculator by writing a private application defaults file, using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of each button. The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be individually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical color resource specification might be: XCalc.ti.Command.background: gray50 XCalc.ti.Command.foreground: white For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:X Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 6
User Commands XCALC(1) XCalc.ti.button20.background: black XCalc.ti.button20.foreground: white For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39: XCalc.ti.button22.background: white XCalc.ti.button22.foreground: black WIDGET HIERARCHY In order to specify resources, it is useful to know thehierarchy of the widgets which compose xcalc. In the nota-
tion below, indentation indicates hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given first, followed by the widget instance name.XCalc xcalc
Form ti or hp (the name depends on the mode) Form bevel Form screen Label M Toggle LCD Label INV Label DEG Label RAD Label GRAD Label P Command button1 Command button2 Command button3 and so on, ... Command button38 Command button39 Command button40 APPLICATION RESOURCES rpn (Class Rpn) Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI mode. stipple (Class Stipple) Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default is ``on'' for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color displays. cursor (Class Cursor) The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer. The default is ``hand2''. COLORSIf you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the
following in the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read
with xrdb:X Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 7
User Commands XCALC(1)*customization: -color
This will cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the app-
defaults color customization file: /usr/share/X11/app-
defaults/XCalc-color.
SEE ALSO
X(5), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget SetBUGS
HP mode is not completely debugged. In particular, the stack is not handled properly after errors. COPYRIGHT Copyright 1994 X Consortium See X(5) for a full statement of rights and permissions. AUTHORS John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena Donna Converse, MIT X ConsortiumATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | x11/xcalc |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Committed ||_____________________________|_____________________________|
X Version 11 Last change: xcalc 1.0.3 8