Standard C Library Functions ctime(3C)
NAME
ctime, ctime_r, localtime, localtime_r, gmtime, gmtime_r,
asctime, asctime_r, tzset - convert date and time to string
SYNOPSIS
#include
char *ctime(const time_t *clock);
struct tm *localtime(const time_t *clock);
struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *clock);
char *asctime(const struct tm *tm);extern time_t timezone, altzone;
extern int daylight; extern char *tzname[2]; void tzset(void);char *ctime_r(const time_t *clock, char *buf, int buflen);
struct tm *localtime_r(const time_t *restrict clock,
struct tm *restrict res);struct tm *gmtime_r(const time_t *restrict clock,
struct tm *restrict res);char *asctime_r(const struct tm *restrict tm, char *restrict buf,
int buflen); Standard conformingcc [ flag... ] file... -D_POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS [ library... ]
char *ctime_r(const time_t *clock, char *buf);
char *asctime_r(const struct tm *tm, char *buf);
DESCRIPTION
SunOS 5.11 Last change: 27 May 2005 1
Standard C Library Functions ctime(3C) The ctime() function converts the time pointed to by clock, representing the time in seconds since the Epoch (00:00:00UTC, January 1, 1970), to local time in the form of a 26-
character string, as shown below. Time zone and daylight savings corrections are made before string generation. The fields are in constant width: Fri Sep 13 00:00:00 1986\n\0 The ctime() function is equivalent to: asctime(localtime(clock)) The ctime(), asctime(), gmtime(), and localtime() functionsreturn values in one of two thread-specific data objects: a
broken-down time structure and an array of char. Execution
of any of the functions can overwrite the information returned in either of these objects by any of the other functions executed by the same thread.The ctime_r() function has the same functionality as ctime()
except that the caller must supply a buffer buf with length buflen to store the result; buf must be at least 26 bytes.The standard-conforming ctime_r() function does not take a
buflen parameter. The localtime() and gmtime() functions return pointers to tm structures (see below). The localtime() function corrects for the main time zone and possible alternate ("daylight savings") time zone; the gmtime() function converts directly to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is what the UNIX system uses internally.The localtime_r() and gmtime_r() functions have the same
functionality as localtime() and gmtime() respectively, except that the caller must supply a buffer res to store the result.The asctime() function converts a tm structure to a 26-
character string, as shown in the previous example, and returns a pointer to the string.SunOS 5.11 Last change: 27 May 2005 2
Standard C Library Functions ctime(3C)The asctime_r() function has the same functionality as asc-
time() except that the caller must supply a buffer buf with length buflen for the result to be stored. The buf argumentmust be at least 26 bytes. The standard-conforming
asctime_r() function does not take a buflen parameter. The
asctime_r() function returns a pointer to buf upon success.
In case of failure, NULL is returned and errno is set. Declarations of all the functions and externals, and the tm structure, are in theheader. The members of the tm structure are: int tm_sec; /* seconds after the minute - [0, 60] */
/* for leap seconds */int tm_min; /* minutes after the hour - [0, 59] */
int tm_hour; /* hour since midnight - [0, 23] */
int tm_mday; /* day of the month - [1, 31] */
int tm_mon; /* months since January - [0, 11] */
int tm_year; /* years since 1900 */
int tm_wday; /* days since Sunday - [0, 6] */
int tm_yday; /* days since January 1 - [0, 365] */
int tm_isdst; /* flag for alternate daylight savings time */
The value of tm_isdst is positive if daylight savings time
is in effect, zero if daylight savings time is not in effect, and negative if the information is not available.Previously, the value of tm_isdst was defined as non-zero if
daylight savings was in effect.The external time_t variable altzone contains the differ-
ence, in seconds, between Coordinated Universal Time and the alternate time zone. The external variable timezone contains the difference, in seconds, between UTC and local standard time. The external variable daylight indicates whether time should reflect daylight savings time. Both timezone and altzone default to 0 (UTC). The external variable daylightis non-zero if an alternate time zone exists. The time zone
names are contained in the external variable tzname, which by default is set to: char *tzname[2] = { "GMT", "" };These functions know about the peculiarities of this conver-
sion for various time periods for the U.S. (specifically, the years 1974, 1975, and 1987). They start handling the new daylight savings time starting with the first Sunday inSunOS 5.11 Last change: 27 May 2005 3
Standard C Library Functions ctime(3C) April, 1987. The tzset() function uses the contents of the environment variable TZ to override the value of the different external variables. It is called by asctime() and can also be calledby the user. If TZ is not specified or has an invalid set-
ting, tzset() uses GMT0. See environ(5) for a description of the TZ environment variable. Starting and ending times are relative to the current local time zone. If the alternate time zone start and end dates and the time are not provided, the days for the United States that year will be used and the time will be 2 AM. If the start and end dates are provided but the time is not provided, the time will be 2 AM. The effects of tzset() change the values of the external variables timezone, altzone, daylight, and tzname. Note that in most installations, TZ is set to the correct value by default when the user logs on, using the local /etc/default/init file (see TIMEZONE(4)).RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion, the gmtime() and localtime() functions return a pointer to a struct tm. If an error is detected, gmtime() and localtime() return a null pointer.Upon successful completion, the gmtime_r() and localtime_r()
functions return the address of the structure pointed to bythe res argument. If an error is detected, gmtime_r() and
localtime_r() return a null pointer and set errno to indi-
cate the error.ERRORS
The ctime_r() and asctime_r() functions will fail if:
ERANGE The length of the buffer supplied by the caller is not large enough to store the result.The gmtime(), gmtime_r(), localtime(), and localtime_r()
functions will fail if: EOVERFLOW The result cannot be represented.SunOS 5.11 Last change: 27 May 2005 4
Standard C Library Functions ctime(3C)USAGE
These functions do not support localized date and time for-
mats. The strftime(3C) function can be used when localiza-
tion is required.The localtime(), localtime_r(), gmtime(), gmtime_r(),
ctime(), and ctime_r() functions assume Gregorian dates.
Times before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar will not match historial records.EXAMPLES
Example 1 Examples of the tzset() function. The tzset() function scans the contents of the environment variable and assigns the different fields to the respective variable. For example, the most complete setting for New Jersey in 1986 could be: EST5EDT4,116/2:00:00,298/2:00:00 or simply EST5EDT An example of a southern hemisphere setting such as the Cook Islands could be KDT9:30KST10:00,63/5:00,302/20:00 In the longer version of the New Jersey example of TZ, tzname[0] is EST, timezone is set to 5*60*60, tzname[1] is EDT, altzone is set to 4*60*60, the starting date of the alternate time zone is the 117th day at 2 AM, the ending date of the alternate time zone is the 299th day at 2 AM(using zero-based Julian days), and daylight is set posi-
tive. Starting and ending times are relative to the current local time zone. If the alternate time zone start and end dates and the time are not provided, the days for the United States that year will be used and the time will be 2 AM. If the start and end dates are provided but the time is not provided, the time will be 2 AM. The effects of tzset() areSunOS 5.11 Last change: 27 May 2005 5
Standard C Library Functions ctime(3C) thus to change the values of the external variablestimezone, altzone, daylight, and tzname. The ctime(), local-
time(), mktime(), and strftime() functions also update these external variables as if they had called tzset() at the timespecified by the time_t or struct tm value that they are
converting.BUGS
The zoneinfo timezone data files do not transition past TueJan 19 03:14:07 2038 UTC. Therefore for 64-bit applications
using zoneinfo timezones, calculations beyond this date might not use the correct offset from standard time, andcould return incorrect values. This affects the 64-bit ver-
sion of localtime(), localtime_r(), ctime(), and ctime_r().
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | Enabled ||_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Committed ||_____________________________|_____________________________|
| MT-Level | MT-Safe with exceptions |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Standard | See standards(5). ||_____________________________|_____________________________|
The asctime(), ctime(), gmtime(), and localtime() functions are safe to use in multithread applications because theyemploy thread-specific data. However, their use is
discouraged because standards do not require them to bethread-safe. The asctime_r() and gmtime_r() functions are
MT-Safe. The ctime_r(), localtime_r(), and tzset() functions
are MT-Safe in multithread applications, as long as no
user-defined function directly modifies one of the following
variables: timezone, altzone, daylight, and tzname. Thesefour variables are not MT-Safe to access. They are modified
by the tzset() function in an MT-Safe manner. The mktime(),
localtime_r(), and ctime_r() functions call tzset().
SEE ALSO
time(2), Intro(3), getenv(3C), mktime(3C), printf(3C), putenv(3C), setlocale(3C), strftime(3C), TIMEZONE(4),SunOS 5.11 Last change: 27 May 2005 6
Standard C Library Functions ctime(3C) attributes(5), environ(5), standards(5) NOTES When compiling multithreaded programs, see Intro(3). The return values for asctime(), ctime(), gmtime(), andlocaltime() point to thread-specific data whose content is
overwritten by each call by the same thread. Setting the time during the interval of change from timezone to altzone or vice versa can produce unpredictable results. The system administrator must change the Julian start and end days annually. If tzset() has previously evaluated the timezone identified by the value of the TZ environment variable, tzset() can reuse the previous settings of the external variables altzone, daylight, timezone, and tzname[] associated with that timezone. Solaris 2.4 and earlier releases provided definitions of thectime_r(), localtime_r(), gmtime_r(), and asctime_r() func-
tions as specified in POSIX.1c Draft 6. The final POSIX.1cstandard changed the interface for ctime_r() and
asctime_r(). Support for the Draft 6 interface is provided
for compatibility only and might not be supported in future releases. New applications and libraries should use thestandard-conforming interface.
For POSIX.1c-conforming applications, the
_POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS and _REENTRANT flags are automati-
cally turned on by defining the _POSIX_C_SOURCE flag with a
value >= 199506L.In Solaris 10, gmtime(), gmtime_r(), localtime(), and
localtime_r() were updated to return a null pointer if an
error is detected. This change was based on the SUSv3 specification. See standards(5).SunOS 5.11 Last change: 27 May 2005 7