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GNU GPROF(1)

NAME

gprof - display call graph profile data

SYNOPSIS

gprof [ -[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ -[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][name] ]

[ -I dirs ] [ -d[num] ] [ -k from/to ]

[ -m min-count ] [ -R map_file ] [ -t table-length ]

[ --[no-]annotated-source[=name] ]

[ --[no-]exec-counts[=name] ]

[ --[no-]flat-profile[=name] ] [ --[no-]graph[=name] ]

[ --[no-]time=name] [ --all-lines ] [ --brief ]

[ --debug[=level] ] [ --function-ordering ]

[ --file-ordering map_file ] [ --directory-path=dirs ]

[ --display-unused-functions ] [ --file-format=name ]

[ --file-info ] [ --help ] [ --line ] [ --min-count=n ]

[ --no-static ] [ --print-path ] [ --separate-files ]

[ --static-call-graph ] [ --sum ] [ --table-length=len ]

[ --traditional ] [ --version ] [ --width=n ]

[ --ignore-non-functions ] [ --demangle[=STYLE] ]

[ --no-demangle ] [ image-file ] [ profile-file ... ]

DESCRIPTION

"gprof" produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile of each caller. The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file (gmon.out default) which is created by programs that are compiled with

the -pg option of "cc", "pc", and "f77". The -pg option

also links in versions of the library routines that are compiled for profiling. "Gprof" reads the given object file (the default is "a.out") and establishes the relation between its symbol table and the call graph profile from gmon.out. If more than one profile file is specified, the "gprof" output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files. "Gprof" calculates the amount of time spent in each routine. Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph. Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time of the cycle. Several forms of output are available from the analysis. The flat profile shows how much time your program spent in each function, and how many times that function was called. If you simply want to know which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here. The call graph shows, for each function, which functions called it, which other functions it called, and how many times. There is also an estimate of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function. This can suggest

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GNU GPROF(1) places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a lot of time. The annotated source listing is a copy of the program's source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the program was executed. OPTIONS These options specify which of several output formats "gprof" should produce. Many of these options take an optional symspec to specify functions to be included or excluded. These options can be specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include or exclude sets of symbols.

Specifying any of these options overrides the default (-p

-q), which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis for

all functions.

"-A[symspec]"

"--annotated-source[=symspec]"

The -A option causes "gprof" to print annotated source

code. If symspec is specified, print output only for matching symbols.

"-b"

"--brief"

If the -b option is given, "gprof" doesn't print the

verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in the tables. This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or are tired of seeing the blurbs.

"-C[symspec]"

"--exec-counts[=symspec]"

The -C option causes "gprof" to print a tally of

functions and the number of times each was called. If symspec is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.

If the profile data file contains basic-block count

records, specifying the -l option, along with -C, will

cause basic-block execution counts to be tallied and

displayed.

"-i"

"--file-info"

The -i option causes "gprof" to display summary

information about the profile data file(s) and then

exit. The number of histogram, call graph, and basic-

block count records is displayed.

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GNU GPROF(1)

"-I dirs"

"--directory-path=dirs"

The -I option specifies a list of search directories in

which to find source files. Environment variable

GPROF_PATH can also be used to convey this information.

Used mostly for annotated source output.

"-J[symspec]"

"--no-annotated-source[=symspec]"

The -J option causes "gprof" not to print annotated

source code. If symspec is specified, "gprof" prints annotated source, but excludes matching symbols.

"-L"

"--print-path"

Normally, source filenames are printed with the path

component suppressed. The -L option causes "gprof" to

print the full pathname of source filenames, which is determined from symbolic debugging information in the image file and is relative to the directory in which the compiler was invoked.

"-p[symspec]"

"--flat-profile[=symspec]"

The -p option causes "gprof" to print a flat profile.

If symspec is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.

"-P[symspec]"

"--no-flat-profile[=symspec]"

The -P option causes "gprof" to suppress printing a flat

profile. If symspec is specified, "gprof" prints a flat profile, but excludes matching symbols.

"-q[symspec]"

"--graph[=symspec]"

The -q option causes "gprof" to print the call graph

analysis. If symspec is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols and their children.

"-Q[symspec]"

"--no-graph[=symspec]"

The -Q option causes "gprof" to suppress printing the

call graph. If symspec is specified, "gprof" prints a call graph, but excludes matching symbols.

"-t"

"--table-length=num"

The -t option causes the num most active source lines in

each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled. The default is 10.

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GNU GPROF(1)

"-y"

"--separate-files"

This option affects annotated source output only. Normally, "gprof" prints annotated source files to

standard-output. If this option is specified, annotated

source for a file named path/filename is generated in

the file filename-ann. If the underlying file system

would truncate filename-ann so that it overwrites the

original filename, "gprof" generates annotated source in the file filename.ann instead (if the original file name has an extension, that extension is replaced with .ann).

"-Z[symspec]"

"--no-exec-counts[=symspec]"

The -Z option causes "gprof" not to print a tally of

functions and the number of times each was called. If symspec is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.

"-r"

"--function-ordering"

The --function-ordering option causes "gprof" to print a

suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data. This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary ordering of functions in an executable. The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this manual.

"-R map_file"

"--file-ordering map_file"

The --file-ordering option causes "gprof" to print a

suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data. This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary ordering of functions in an executable.

Use of the -a argument is highly recommended with this

option.

The map_file argument is a pathname to a file which

provides function name to object file mappings. The format of the file is similar to the output of the program "nm".

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GNU GPROF(1)

c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse

c-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag

c-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name

c-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics

c-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword

c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier

c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type

...

To create a map_file with GNU "nm", type a command like

"nm --extern-only --defined-only -v --print-file-name

program-name".

"-T"

"--traditional"

The -T option causes "gprof" to print its output in

"traditional" BSD style.

"-w width"

"--width=width"

Sets width of output lines to width. Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom of the call graph.

"-x"

"--all-lines"

This option affects annotated source output only. By

default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-

block are annotated. If this option is specified, every

line in a basic-block is annotated by repeating the

annotation for the first line. This behavior is similar

to "tcov"'s -a.

"--demangle[=style]"

"--no-demangle"

These options control whether C++ symbol names should be demangled when printing output. The default is to

demangle symbols. The "--no-demangle" option may be

used to turn off demangling. Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. Analysis Options

"-a"

"--no-static"

The -a option causes "gprof" to suppress the printing of

statically declared (private) functions. (These are functions whose names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the file/function/block where they were defined.) Time spent in these

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GNU GPROF(1) functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file. This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.

"-c"

"--static-call-graph"

The -c option causes the call graph of the program to be

augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code. Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are entered, this option identifies children that could have been called, but never were. Calls to functions that were not compiled with profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table entries are present for them. Calls to dynamic library routines are typically not found by this option. Parents or children identified via this heuristic are indicated in the call graph with call counts of 0.

"-D"

"--ignore-non-functions"

The -D option causes "gprof" to ignore symbols which are

not known to be functions. This option will give more accurate profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and HPUX for example).

"-k from/to"

The -k option allows you to delete from the call graph

any arcs from symbols matching symspec from to those matching symspec to.

"-l"

"--line"

The -l option enables line-by-line profiling, which

causes histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines, instead of functions. This feature only works with programs compiled by older versions of the "gcc" compiler. Newer versions of "gcc" are designed to work with the "gcov" tool instead.

If the program was compiled with basic-block counting

enabled, this option will also identify how many times

each line of code was executed. While line-by-line

profiling can help isolate where in a large function a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases the running time of "gprof", and magnifies statistical inaccuracies.

"-m num"

"--min-count=num"

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GNU GPROF(1) This option affects execution count output only. Symbols that are executed less than num times are suppressed.

"-nsymspec"

"--time=symspec"

The -n option causes "gprof", in its call graph

analysis, to only propagate times for symbols matching symspec.

"-Nsymspec"

"--no-time=symspec"

The -n option causes "gprof", in its call graph

analysis, not to propagate times for symbols matching symspec.

"-z"

"--display-unused-functions"

If you give the -z option, "gprof" will mention all

functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and that had no time spent in them. This

is useful in conjunction with the -c option for

discovering which routines were never called. Miscellaneous Options

"-d[num]"

"--debug[=num]"

The -d num option specifies debugging options. If num

is not specified, enable all debugging.

"-h"

"--help"

The -h option prints command line usage.

"-Oname"

"--file-format=name"

Selects the format of the profile data files. Recognized formats are auto (the default), bsd, 4.4bsd, magic, and prof (not yet supported).

"-s"

"--sum"

The -s option causes "gprof" to summarize the

information in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data file called gmon.sum, which contains all the information from the profile data files that "gprof" read in. The file gmon.sum may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to merge the data in the other input files into gmon.sum.

Eventually you can run "gprof" again without -s to

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GNU GPROF(1) analyze the cumulative data in the file gmon.sum.

"-v"

"--version"

The -v flag causes "gprof" to print the current version

number, and then exit. Deprecated Options These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.

"-e function_name"

The -e function option tells "gprof" to not print

information about the function function_name (and its

children...) in the call graph. The function will still be listed as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be shown as [not printed]. More

than one -e option may be given; only one function_name

may be indicated with each -e option.

"-E function_name"

The "-E function" option works like the "-e" option, but

time spent in the function (and children who were not called from anywhere else), will not be used to compute

the percentages-of-time for the call graph. More than

one -E option may be given; only one function_name may

be indicated with each -E option.

"-f function_name"

The -f function option causes "gprof" to limit the call

graph to the function function_name and its children

(and their children...). More than one -f option may be

given; only one function_name may be indicated with each

-f option.

"-F function_name"

The -F function option works like the "-f" option, but

only time spent in the function and its children (and

their children...) will be used to determine total-time

and percentages-of-time for the call graph. More than

one -F option may be given; only one function_name may

be indicated with each -F option. The -F option

overrides the -E option.

FILES "a.out" the namelist and text space. "gmon.out" dynamic call graph and profile.

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GNU GPROF(1) "gmon.sum" summarized dynamic call graph and profile.

BUGS

The granularity of the sampling is shown, but remains statistical at best. We assume that the time for each execution of a function can be expressed by the total time for the function divided by the number of times the function is called. Thus the time propagated along the call graph arcs to the function's parents is directly proportional to the number of times that arc is traversed. Parents that are not themselves profiled will have the time of their profiled children propagated to them, but they will appear to be spontaneously invoked in the call graph listing, and will not have their time propagated further. Similarly, signal catchers, even though profiled, will appear to be spontaneous (although for more obscure reasons). Any profiled children of signal catchers should have their times propagated properly, unless the signal catcher was invoked during the execution of the profiling routine, in which case all is lost. The profiled program must call "exit"(2) or return normally for the profiling information to be saved in the gmon.out file.

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

______________________________________________

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |

|____________________|_________________________|_

| Availability | developer/gnu-binutils|

|____________________|_________________________|_

| Interface Stability| Uncommitted |

|____________________|________________________|

NOTES Source for GNU binutils is available on http://opensolaris.org.

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Manual Pages for UNIX Operating System command usage for man ggprof

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

BUGS

SEE ALSO

ATTRIBUTES

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |