Windows PowerShell command on Get-command gcpp

Manual Pages for UNIX Operating System command usage for man gcpp

GNU CPP(1)

NAME

cpp - The C Preprocessor

SYNOPSIS

cpp [-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro]

[-Idir...] [-Wwarn...]

[-M|-MM] [-MG] [-MF filename]

[-MP] [-MQ target...]

[-MT target...]

[-P] [-fno-working-directory]

[-x language] [-std=standard]

infile outfile Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the remainder.

DESCRIPTION

The C preprocessor, often known as cpp, is a macro processor that is used automatically by the C compiler to transform your program before compilation. It is called a macro processor because it allows you to define macros, which are brief abbreviations for longer constructs. The C preprocessor is intended to be used only with C, C++,

and Objective-C source code. In the past, it has been

abused as a general text processor. It will choke on input which does not obey C's lexical rules. For example, apostrophes will be interpreted as the beginning of character constants, and cause errors. Also, you cannot rely on it preserving characteristics of the input which are

not significant to C-family languages. If a Makefile is

preprocessed, all the hard tabs will be removed, and the Makefile will not work. Having said that, you can often get away with using cpp on

things which are not C. Other Algol-ish programming

languages are often safe (Pascal, Ada, etc.) So is assembly,

with caution. -traditional-cpp mode preserves more white

space, and is otherwise more permissive. Many of the problems can be avoided by writing C or C++ style comments instead of native language comments, and keeping macros simple. Wherever possible, you should use a preprocessor geared to the language you are writing in. Modern versions of the GNU assembler have macro facilities. Most high level programming languages have their own conditional compilation and inclusion mechanism. If all else fails, try a true general text processor, such as GNU M4. C preprocessors vary in some details. This manual discusses the GNU C preprocessor, which provides a small superset of

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 1

GNU CPP(1) the features of ISO Standard C. In its default mode, the GNU C preprocessor does not do a few things required by the standard. These are features which are rarely, if ever, used, and may cause surprising changes to the meaning of a program which does not expect them. To get strict ISO

Standard C, you should use the -std=c89 or -std=c99 options,

depending on which version of the standard you want. To get

all the mandatory diagnostics, you must also use -pedantic.

This manual describes the behavior of the ISO preprocessor. To minimize gratuitous differences, where the ISO preprocessor's behavior does not conflict with traditional semantics, the traditional preprocessor should behave the same way. The various differences that do exist are detailed in the section Traditional Mode. For clarity, unless noted otherwise, references to CPP in this manual refer to GNU CPP. OPTIONS The C preprocessor expects two file names as arguments, infile and outfile. The preprocessor reads infile together

with any other files it specifies with #include. All the

output generated by the combined input files is written in outfile.

Either infile or outfile may be -, which as infile means to

read from standard input and as outfile means to write to standard output. Also, if either file is omitted, it means

the same as if - had been specified for that file.

Unless otherwise noted, or the option ends in =, all options which take an argument may have that argument appear either immediately after the option, or with a space between option

and argument: -Ifoo and -I foo have the same effect.

Many options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple

single-letter options may not be grouped: -dM is very

different from -d -M.

-D name

Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.

-D name=definition

Predefine name as a macro, with definition definition. The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they appeared during translation phase three in a

#define directive. In particular, the definition will

be truncated by embedded newline characters. If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or

shell-like program you may need to use the shell's

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 2

GNU CPP(1) quoting syntax to protect characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.

If you wish to define a function-like macro on the

command line, write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, so you will need to quote the option. With sh and csh,

-D'name(args...)=definition' works.

-D and -U options are processed in the order they are

given on the command line. All -imacros file and

-include file options are processed after all -D and -U

options.

-U name

Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in

or provided with a -D option.

-undef

Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific

macros. The standard predefined macros remain defined.

-I dir

Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for header files.

Directories named by -I are searched before the standard

system include directories. If the directory dir is a standard system include directory, the option is ignored to ensure that the default search order for system directories and the special treatment of system headers are not defeated .

-o file

Write output to file. This is the same as specifying

file as the second non-option argument to cpp. gcc has

a different interpretation of a second non-option

argument, so you must use -o to specify the output file.

-Wall

Turns on all optional warnings which are desirable for

normal code. At present this is -Wcomment, -Wtrigraphs,

-Wmultichar and a warning about integer promotion

causing a change of sign in "#if" expressions. Note

that many of the preprocessor's warnings are on by default and have no options to control them.

-Wcomment

-Wcomments

Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a

/* comment, or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 3

GNU CPP(1) // comment. (Both forms have the same effect.)

-Wtrigraphs

@anchor{Wtrigraphs} Most trigraphs in comments cannot affect the meaning of the program. However, a trigraph that would form an escaped newline (??/ at the end of a line) can, by changing where the comment begins or ends. Therefore, only trigraphs that would form escaped newlines produce warnings inside a comment.

This option is implied by -Wall. If -Wall is not given,

this option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled. To get trigraph conversion without warnings,

but get the other -Wall warnings, use -trigraphs -Wall

-Wno-trigraphs.

-Wtraditional

Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and ISO C. Also warn about ISO C constructs that have no traditional C equivalent, and problematic constructs which should be avoided.

-Wimport

Warn the first time #import is used.

-Wundef

Warn whenever an identifier which is not a macro is

encountered in an #if directive, outside of defined.

Such identifiers are replaced with zero.

-Wunused-macros

Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused. A macro is used if it is expanded or tested for existence at least once. The preprocessor will also warn if the macro has not been used at the time it is redefined or undefined.

Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and

macros defined in include files are not warned about. Note: If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped conditional blocks, then CPP will report it as unused. To avoid the warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of the macro's definition by, for example, moving it into the first skipped block. Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with something like:

#if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning

#endif

-Wendif-labels

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 4

GNU CPP(1)

Warn whenever an #else or an #endif are followed by

text. This usually happens in code of the form

#if FOO

...

#else FOO

...

#endif FOO

The second and third "FOO" should be in comments, but often are not in older programs. This warning is on by default.

-Werror

Make all warnings into hard errors. Source code which triggers warnings will be rejected.

-Wsystem-headers

Issue warnings for code in system headers. These are normally unhelpful in finding bugs in your own code, therefore suppressed. If you are responsible for the system library, you may want to see them.

-w Suppress all warnings, including those which GNU CPP

issues by default.

-pedantic

Issue all the mandatory diagnostics listed in the C standard. Some of them are left out by default, since they trigger frequently on harmless code.

-pedantic-errors

Issue all the mandatory diagnostics, and make all mandatory diagnostics into errors. This includes

mandatory diagnostics that GCC issues without -pedantic

but treats as warnings.

-M Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing,

output a rule suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source file. The preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the

included files, including those coming from -include or

-imacros command line options.

Unless specified explicitly (with -MT or -MQ), the

object file name consists of the basename of the source file with any suffix replaced with object file suffix. If there are many included files then the rule is split

into several lines using \-newline. The rule has no

commands.

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 5

GNU CPP(1) This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug

output, such as -dM. To avoid mixing such debug output

with the dependency rules you should explicitly specify

the dependency output file with -MF, or use an

environment variable like DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT. Debug

output will still be sent to the regular output stream as normal.

Passing -M to the driver implies -E, and suppresses

warnings with an implicit -w.

-MM Like -M but do not mention header files that are found

in system header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or indirectly, from such a header. This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double

quotes in an #include directive does not in itself

determine whether that header will appear in -MM

dependency output. This is a slight change in semantics from GCC versions 3.0 and earlier. @anchor{dashMF}

-MF file

When used with -M or -MM, specifies a file to write the

dependencies to. If no -MF switch is given the

preprocessor sends the rules to the same place it would have sent preprocessed output.

When used with the driver options -MD or -MMD, -MF

overrides the default dependency output file.

-MG In conjunction with an option such as -M requesting

dependency generation, -MG assumes missing header files

are generated files and adds them to the dependency list without raising an error. The dependency filename is

taken directly from the "#include" directive without

prepending any path. -MG also suppresses preprocessed

output, as a missing header file renders this useless. This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.

-MP This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each

dependency other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing. These dummy rules work around errors make gives if you remove header files without updating the Makefile to match. This is typical output: test.o: test.c test.h

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 6

GNU CPP(1) test.h:

-MT target

Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation. By default CPP takes the name of the main input file, including any path, deletes any file suffix such as .c, and appends the platform's usual object suffix. The result is the target.

An -MT option will set the target to be exactly the

string you specify. If you want multiple targets, you

can specify them as a single argument to -MT, or use

multiple -MT options.

For example, -MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' might give

$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

-MQ target

Same as -MT, but it quotes any characters which are

special to Make. -MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives

$$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

The default target is automatically quoted, as if it

were given with -MQ.

-MD -MD is equivalent to -M -MF file, except that -E is not

implied. The driver determines file based on whether an

-o option is given. If it is, the driver uses its

argument but with a suffix of .d, otherwise it take the basename of the input file and applies a .d suffix.

If -MD is used in conjunction with -E, any -o switch is

understood to specify the dependency output file (but

@pxref{dashMF,,-MF}), but if used without -E, each -o is

understood to specify a target object file.

Since -E is not implied, -MD can be used to generate a

dependency output file as a side-effect of the

compilation process.

-MMD

Like -MD except mention only user header files, not

system -header files.

-x c

-x c++

-x objective-c

-x assembler-with-cpp

Specify the source language: C, C++, Objective-C, or

assembly. This has nothing to do with standards

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 7

GNU CPP(1) conformance or extensions; it merely selects which base syntax to expect. If you give none of these options, cpp will deduce the language from the extension of the source file: .c, .cc, .m, or .S. Some other common extensions for C++ and assembly are also recognized. If cpp does not recognize the extension, it will treat the file as C; this is the most generic mode.

Note: Previous versions of cpp accepted a -lang option

which selected both the language and the standards conformance level. This option has been removed,

because it conflicts with the -l option.

-std=standard

-ansi

Specify the standard to which the code should conform. Currently CPP knows about C and C++ standards; others may be added in the future. standard may be one of: "iso9899:1990" "c89" The ISO C standard from 1990. c89 is the customary shorthand for this version of the standard.

The -ansi option is equivalent to -std=c89.

"iso9899:199409" The 1990 C standard, as amended in 1994. "iso9899:1999" "c99" "iso9899:199x" "c9x" The revised ISO C standard, published in December 1999. Before publication, this was known as C9X. "gnu89" The 1990 C standard plus GNU extensions. This is the default. "gnu99" "gnu9x" The 1999 C standard plus GNU extensions. "c++98" The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. "gnu++98"

The same as -std=c++98 plus GNU extensions. This is

the default for C++ code.

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 8

GNU CPP(1)

-I- Split the include path. Any directories specified with

-I options before -I- are searched only for headers

requested with "#include "file""; they are not searched

for "#include ". If additional directories are

specified with -I options after the -I-, those

directories are searched for all #include directives.

In addition, -I- inhibits the use of the directory of

the current file directory as the first search directory

for "#include "file"".

-nostdinc

Do not search the standard system directories for header

files. Only the directories you have specified with -I

options (and the directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.

-nostdinc++

Do not search for header files in the C++-specific

standard directories, but do still search the other standard directories. (This option is used when building the C++ library.)

-include file

Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the

first line of the primary source file. However, the first directory searched for file is the preprocessor's working directory instead of the directory containing the main source file. If not found there, it is

searched for in the remainder of the "#include "...""

search chain as normal.

If multiple -include options are given, the files are

included in the order they appear on the command line.

-imacros file

Exactly like -include, except that any output produced

by scanning file is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined. This allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also processing its declarations.

All files specified by -imacros are processed before all

files specified by -include.

-idirafter dir

Search dir for header files, but do it after all

directories specified with -I and the standard system

directories have been exhausted. dir is treated as a system include directory.

-iprefix prefix

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 9

GNU CPP(1)

Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix

options. If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final /.

-iwithprefix dir

-iwithprefixbefore dir

Append dir to the prefix specified previously with

-iprefix, and add the resulting directory to the include

search path. -iwithprefixbefore puts it in the same

place -I would; -iwithprefix puts it where -idirafter

would.

-isystem dir

Search dir for header files, after all directories

specified by -I but before the standard system

directories. Mark it as a system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is applied to the standard system directories.

-fdollars-in-identifiers

@anchor{fdollars-in-identifiers} Accept $ in

identifiers.

-fpreprocessed

Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been preprocessed. This suppresses things like macro expansion, trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of most directives. The preprocessor still recognizes and removes comments, so

that you can pass a file preprocessed with -C to the

compiler without problems. In this mode the integrated preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.

-fpreprocessed is implicit if the input file has one of

the extensions .i, .ii or .mi. These are the extensions that GCC uses for preprocessed files created by

-save-temps.

-ftabstop=width

Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs appear on the line. If the value is less than 1 or greater than 100, the option is ignored. The default is 8.

-fexec-charset=charset

Set the execution character set, used for string and

character constants. The default is UTF-8. charset can

be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 10

GNU CPP(1)

-fwide-exec-charset=charset

Set the wide execution character set, used for wide

string and character constants. The default is UTF-32

or UTF-16, whichever corresponds to the width of

"wchar_t". As with -ftarget-charset, charset can be any

encoding supported by the system's "iconv" library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings

that do not fit exactly in "wchar_t".

-finput-charset=charset

Set the input character set, used for translation from the character set of the input file to the source character set used by GCC. If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this information from the

locale, the default is UTF-8. This can be overridden by

either the locale or this command line option. Currently the command line option takes precedence if there's a conflict. charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.

-fworking-directory

Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that will let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the current working directory followed by two slashes. GCC will use this directory, when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current working directory in some debugging information formats. This option is implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with

the negated form -fno-working-directory. If the -P flag

is present in the command line, this option has no

effect, since no "#line" directives are emitted

whatsoever.

-fno-show-column

Do not print column numbers in diagnostics. This may be necessary if diagnostics are being scanned by a program that does not understand the column numbers, such as dejagnu.

-A predicate=answer

Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer. This form is preferred to the older form

-A predicate(answer), which is still supported, because

it does not use shell special characters.

-A -predicate=answer

Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 11

GNU CPP(1)

-dCHARS

CHARS is a sequence of one or more of the following characters, and must not be preceded by a space. Other characters are interpreted by the compiler proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and so are silently ignored. If you specify characters whose behavior conflicts, the result is undefined. M Instead of the normal output, generate a list of

#define directives for all the macros defined during

the execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor. Assuming you have no file foo.h, the command

touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h

will show all the predefined macros. D Like M except in two respects: it does not include the predefined macros, and it outputs both the

#define directives and the result of preprocessing.

Both kinds of output go to the standard output file. N Like D, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.

I Output #include directives in addition to the result

of preprocessing.

-P Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the

preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the linemarkers.

-C Do not discard comments. All comments are passed

through to the output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are deleted along with the directive.

You should be prepared for side effects when using -C;

it causes the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right. For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a directive line have the effect of turning that line into an ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no longer a

-CC Do not discard comments, including during macro

expansion. This is like -C, except that comments

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 12

GNU CPP(1) contained within macros are also passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.

In addition to the side-effects of the -C option, the

-CC option causes all C++-style comments inside a macro

to be converted to C-style comments. This is to prevent

later use of that macro from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line.

The -CC option is generally used to support lint

comments.

-traditional-cpp

Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C

preprocessors, as opposed to ISO C preprocessors.

-trigraphs

Process trigraph sequences.

-remap

Enable special code to work around file systems which

only permit very short file names, such as MS-DOS.

--help

--target-help

Print text describing all the command line options instead of preprocessing anything.

-v Verbose mode. Print out GNU CPP's version number at the

beginning of execution, and report the final form of the include path.

-H Print the name of each header file used, in addition to

other normal activities. Each name is indented to show

how deep in the #include stack it is. Precompiled

header files are also printed, even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled header file is printed with ...x and a valid one with ...! .

-version

--version

Print out GNU CPP's version number. With one dash, proceed to preprocess as normal. With two dashes, exit immediately. ENVIRONMENT This section describes the environment variables that affect how CPP operates. You can use them to specify directories or prefixes to use when searching for include files, or to control dependency output.

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 13

GNU CPP(1) Note that you can also specify places to search using

options such as -I, and control dependency output with

options like -M. These take precedence over environment

variables, which in turn take precedence over the configuration of GCC. CPATH

C_INCLUDE_PATH

CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH

OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH

Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a special character, much like PATH, in which to look for header files. The special character,

"PATH_SEPARATOR", is target-dependent and determined at

GCC build time. For Microsoft Windows-based targets it

is a semicolon, and for almost all other targets it is a colon. CPATH specifies a list of directories to be searched as

if specified with -I, but after any paths given with -I

options on the command line. This environment variable is used regardless of which language is being preprocessed. The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing the particular language indicated. Each specifies a list of directories to be searched as if

specified with -isystem, but after any paths given with

-isystem options on the command line.

In all these variables, an empty element instructs the compiler to search its current working directory. Empty elements can appear at the beginning or end of a path. For instance, if the value of CPATH is ":/special/include", that has the same effect as

-I. -I/special/include.

DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT

If this variable is set, its value specifies how to

output dependencies for Make based on the non-system

header files processed by the compiler. System header files are ignored in the dependency output.

The value of DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT can be just a file

name, in which case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the target name from the source file name. Or the value can have the form file target, in which case the rules are written to file file using target as the target name. In other words, this environment variable is equivalent

to combining the options -MM and -MF, with an optional

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 14

GNU CPP(1)

-MT switch too.

SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES

This variable is the same as DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT (see

above), except that system header files are not ignored,

so it implies -M rather than -MM. However, the

dependence on the main input file is omitted.

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

_______________________________________

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE|

|____________________|__________________|_

| Availability | developer/gcc-3|

|____________________|__________________|_

| Interface Stability| External |

|____________________|_________________|

NOTES Source for gcc is available on http://opensolaris.org.

gcc-3.4.3 Last change: 2004-11-05 15

Manual Pages for UNIX Operating System command usage for man gcpp

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

environment variable like DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT. Debug

DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT

The value of DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT can be just a file

This variable is the same as DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT (see

SEE ALSO

ATTRIBUTES

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE|