Manual Pages for UNIX Darwin command on man zpool

zpool(8) BSD System Manager's Manual zpool(8)

NAME

zpool - configures ZFS storage pools

SYNOPSIS

zzppooooll [-??]

zzppooooll ccrreeaattee [-ffnn] [-RR root] [-mm mountpoint] pool vdev ...

zzppooooll ddeessttrrooyy [-ff] pool

zzppooooll aadddd [-ffnn] pool vdev

zzppooooll rreemmoovvee pool vdev

zzppooooll lliisstt [-HH] [-oo field[,field]*] [pool] ...

zzppooooll iioossttaatt [-vv] [pool] ... [interval [count]]

zzppooooll ssttaattuuss [-xxvv] [pool] ...

zzppooooll oofffflliinnee [-tt] pool device ...

zzppooooll oonnlliinnee pool device ... zzppooooll cclleeaarr pool [device] ...

zzppooooll aattttaacchh [-ff] pool device newdevice

zzppooooll ddeettaacchh pool device

zzppooooll rreeppllaaccee [-ff] pool device [newdevice]

zzppooooll ssccrruubb [-ss] pool ...

zzppooooll eexxppoorrtt [-ff] pool

zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt [-dd dir] [-DD]

zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt [-dd dir] [-DD] [-ff] [-oo opts] [-RR root] pool | id

[newpool]

zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt [-dd dir] [-DD] [-ff] [-aa]

zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee

zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee -vv

zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee [-aa | pool]

zzppooooll hhiissttoorryy [pool] ...

DESCRIPTION

The zzppooooll command configures ZFS storage pools. A storage pool is a

collection of devices that provides physical storage and data replica-

tion for ZFS datasets. All datasets within a storage pool share the same space. See zzffss(8) for information on managing datasets.

ZZFFSS RReeaadd-oonnllyy IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn

ZFS on OSX is implemented as a readonly filesystem by default. This means that only the ZFS subcommands that do non write operations are permitted. Permitted subcommands are lliisstt, iioossttaatt, ssttaattuuss, oonnlliinnee, oofffflliinnee, ssccrruubb, iimmppoorrtt, and hhiissttoorryy. A full ZFS implementation that allows all subcommands and is read/write is available for download at http://developer.apple.com/. To determine which version of ZFS is loaded(readonly or writable):

## kkeexxttssttaatt || ggrreepp zzffss

com.apple.filesystems.zfs.readonly is the readonly kext version. com.apple.filesystems.zfs is the writable kext version. VViirrttuuaall DDeevviicceess ((vvddeevvss)) A "virtual device" describes a single device or a collection of devices organized according to certain performance and fault characteristics. The following virtual devices are supported: ddiisskk A block device, typically located under "/dev". ZFS can use individual slices or partitions, though the recommended mode of operation is to use whole disks. A disk can be specified by a full path, or it can be a shorthand name (the relative

portion of the path under "/dev"). A whole disk can be speci-

fied by omitting the slice or partition designation. For example, "disk1s2" is equivalent to "/dev/disk1s2". When given a whole disk, ZFS automatically labels the disk, if necessary. ffiillee A regular file. The use of files as a backing store is

strongly discouraged. It is designed primarily for experimen-

tal purposes, as the fault tolerance of a file is only as good as the file system of which it is a part. A file must be specified by a full path. mmiirrrroorr A mirror of two or more devices. Data is replicated in an identical fashion across all components of a mirror. A mirror with N disks of size X can hold X bytes and can withstand

(N-1) devices failing before data integrity is compromised.

rraaiiddzz A variation on RRAAIIDD-55 that allows for better distribution of

rraaiiddzz11 parity and eliminates the "RRAAIIDD-55 write hole" (in which data

rraaiiddzz22 and parity become inconsistent after a power loss). Data and parity is striped across all disks within a rraaiiddzz group.

A rraaiiddzz group can have either single- or double-parity, mean-

ing that the rraaiiddzz group can sustain one or two failures respectively without losing any data. The rraaiiddzz11 vvddeevv type

specifies a single-parity rraaiiddzz group and the rraaiiddzz22 vvddeevv

type specifies a double-parity rraaiiddzz group. The rraaiiddzz vvddeevv

type is an alias for rraaiiddzz11. A rraaiiddzz group with N disks of size X with P parity disks can

hold approximately (N-P)*X bytes and can withstand one device

failing before data integrity is compromised. The minimum

number of devices in a rraaiiddzz group is one more than the num-

ber of parity disks. The recommended number is between 3 and 9.

ssppaarree A special pseudo-vvddeevv which keeps track of available hot

spares for a pool. For more information, see the "Hot Spares" section. Virtual devices cannot be nested, so a mirror or rraaiiddzz virtual device

can only contain files or disks. Mirrors of mirrors (or other combina-

tions) are not allowed.

A pool can have any number of virtual devices at the top of the config-

uration (known as "root vdevs"). Data is dynamically distributed across

all top-level devices to balance data among devices. As new virtual

devices are added, ZFS automatically places data on the newly available devices.

Virtual devices are specified one at a time on the command line, sepa-

rated by whitespace. The keywords "mirror" and "raidz" are used to dis-

tinguish where a group ends and another begins. For example, the fol-

lowing creates two root vdevs, each a mirror of two disks:

## zzppooooll ccrreeaattee mmyyppooooll mmiirrrroorr ddiisskk11ss11 ddiisskk00ss11 mmiirrrroorr ddiisskk11ss22 ddiisskk00ss22

DDeevviiccee FFaaiilluurree aanndd RReeccoovveerryy ZFS supports a rich set of mechanisms for handling device failure and

data corruption. All metadata and data is checksummed, and ZFS automat-

ically repairs bad data from a good copy when corruption is detected. In order to take advantage of these features, a pool must make use of some form of redundancy, using either mirrored or rraaiiddzz groups. While

ZFS supports running in a non-redundant configuration, where each root

vdev is simply a disk or file, this is strongly discouraged. A single case of bit corruption can render some or all of your data unavailable. A pool's health status is described by one of three states: online,

degraded, or faulted. An online pool has all devices operating nor-

mally. A degraded pool is one in which one or more devices have failed, but the data is still available due to a redundant configuration. A faulted pool has one or more failed devices, and there is insufficient redundancy to replicate the missing data. HHoott SSppaarreess ZFS allows devices to be associated with pools as "hot spares". These devices are not actively used in the pool, but when an active device fails, it is automatically replaced by a hot spare. To create a pool with hot spares, specify a "spare" vdev with any number of devices. For example,

## zzppooooll ccrreeaattee ppooooll mmiirrrroorr ddiisskk00 ddiisskk11 ssppaarree ddiisskk22 ddiisskk33

Spares can be shared across multiple pools, and can be added with the

"zpool add" command and removed with the "zpool remove" command. Once a

spare replacement is initiated, a new "spare" vdev is created within the configuration that will remain there until the original device is replaced. At this point, the hot spare becomes available again if another device fails.

An in-progress spare replacement can be cancelled by detaching the hot

spare. If the original faulted device is detached, then the hot spare assumes its place in the configuration, and is removed from the spare list of all active pools. AAlltteerrnnaattee RRoooott PPoooollss

The "zpool create -R" and "zpool import -R" commands allow users to

create and import a pool with a different root path. By default, when-

ever a pool is created or imported on a system, it is permanently added so that it is available whenever the system boots. For removable media, or when in recovery situations, this may not always be desirable. An alternate root pool does not persist on the system. Instead, it exists only until exported or the system is rebooted, at which point it will have to be imported again. In addition, all mount points in the pool are prefixed with the given root, so a pool can be constrained to a particular area of the file system. This is most useful when importing unknown pools from removable media, as the mount points of any file systems cannot be trusted. When creating an alternate root pool, the default mount point is "/", rather than the normal default "/Volumes/pool". SSuubbccoommmmaannddss All subcommands that modify state are logged persistently to the pool in their original form. The zzppooooll command provides subcommands to create and destroy storage pools, add capacity to storage pools, and provide information about the storage pools. The following subcommands are supported:

zzppooooll -??

Displays a help message.

zzppooooll ccrreeaattee [-ffnn] [-RR root] [-mm mountpoint] pool vdev ...

Creates a new storage pool containing the virtual devices specified on the command line. The pool name must begin with a letter, and can only contain alphanumeric characters as well as underscore

(""), dash ("-"), and period ("."). The pool names "mirror",

"raidz", and "spare" are reserved, as are names beginning with the

pattern "c[0-9]". The vvddeevv specification is described in the "Vir-

tual Devices" section. The command verifies that each device specified is accessible and not currently in use by another subsystem. There are some uses, such as being currently mounted, or specified as the dedicated dump device, that prevents a device from ever being used by ZFS. Other

uses, such as having a preexisting HHFFSS file system, can be overrid-

den with the -ff option.

The command also checks that the replication strategy for the pool

is consistent. An attempt to combine redundant and non-redundant

storage in a single pool, or to mix disks and files, results in an

error unless -ff is specified. The use of differently sized devices

within a single rraaiiddzz or mirror group is also flagged as an error

unless -ff is specified.

Unless the -RR option is specified, the default mount point is

"/Volumes/pool". The mount point must not exist or must be empty, or else the root dataset cannot be mounted. This can be overridden

with the -mm option.

-ff Forces use of vvddeevvss, even if they appear in use or

specify a conflicting replication level. Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.

-nn Displays the configuration that would be used

without actually creating the pool. The actual pool creation can still fail due to insufficient privileges or device sharing.

-RR root Creates the pool with an alternate root. See the

"Alternate Root Pools" section. The root dataset has its mount point set to "/" as part of this operation.

-mm mountpoint Sets the mount point for the root dataset. The

default mount point is "/Volumes/pool". The mount point must be an absolute path, "lleeggaaccyy", or "nnoonnee". For more information on dataset mount points, see zzffss(8).

zzppooooll ddeessttrrooyy [-ff] pool

Destroys the given pool, freeing up any devices for other use. This command tries to unmount any active datasets before destroying the pool.

-ff Forces any active datasets contained within the pool to be

unmounted.

zzppooooll aadddd [-ffnn] pool vdev ...

Adds the specified virtual devices to the given pool. The vdev specification is described in the "Virtual Devices" section. The

behavior of the -ff option, and the device checks performed are

described in the "zpool create" subcommand.

-ff Forces use of vvddeevvss, even if they appear in use or specify a

conflicting replication level. Not all devices can be over-

ridden in this manner.

-nn Displays the configuration that would be used without actu-

ally adding the vvddeevvss. The actual pool creation can still fail due to insufficient privileges or device sharing. Do not add a disk that is currently configured as a quorum device

to a zpool. Once a disk is in a zpool, that disk can then be con-

figured as a quorum device. zzppooooll rreemmoovvee pool vdev Removes the given vvddeevv from the pool. This command currently only supports removing hot spares. Devices which are part of a mirror

can be removed using the "zpool detach" command. RRaaiiddzz and top-

level vvddeevvss cannot be removed from a pool.

zzppooooll lliisstt [-HH] [-oo field[,field*]] [pool] ...

Lists the given pools along with a health status and space usage. When given no arguments, all pools in the system are listed.

-HH Scripted mode. Do not display headers, and separate

fields by a single tab instead of arbitrary space.

-oo field Comma-separated list of fields to display. Each field

must be one of: name Pool name size Total size used Amount of space used available Amount of space available capacity Percentage of pool space used health Health status The default is all fields. This command reports actual physical space available to the storage pool. The physical space can be different from the total amount of space that any contained datasets can actually use. The amount of space used in a rraaiiddzz configuration depends on the characteristics of the data being written. In addition, ZFS reserves some space for internal accounting that the zzffss(8) command takes into account, but

the zzppooooll command does not. For non-full pools of a reasonable

size, these effects should be invisible. For small pools, or pools that are close to being completely full, these discrepancies may become more noticeable.

zzppooooll iioossttaatt [-vv] [pool] ... [interval [count]]

Displays II//OO statistics for the given pools. When given an inter-

val, the statistics are printed every interval seconds until CCttrrll-CC

is pressed. If no pools are specified, statistics for every pool in the system is shown. If count is specified, the command exits after count reports are printed.

-vv Verbose statistics. Reports usage statistics for individual

vdevs within the pool, in addition to the pool-wide statis-

tics.

zzppooooll ssttaattuuss [-xxvv] [pool] ...

Displays the detailed health status for the given pools. If no pool

is specified, then the status of each pool in the system is dis-

played. If a scrub or resilver is in progress, this command reports the percentage done and the estimated time to completion. Both of these are only approximate, because the amount of data in the pool and the other workloads on the system can change.

-xx Only display status for pools that are exhibiting errors or

are otherwise unavailable.

-vv Displays verbose data error information, printing out a com-

plete list of all data errors since the last complete pool scrub.

zzppooooll oofffflliinnee [-tt] pool device ...

Takes the specified physical device offline. While the device is offline, no attempt is made to read or write to the device. This command is not applicable to spares.

-tt Temporary. Upon reboot, the specified physical device reverts

to its previous state. zzppooooll oonnlliinnee pool device ... Brings the specified physical device online. This command is not applicable to spares. zzppooooll cclleeaarr pool [device] ... Clears device errors in a pool. If no arguments are specified, all device errors within the pool are cleared. If one or more devices is specified, only those errors associated with the specified device or devices are cleared.

zzppooooll aattttaacchh [-ff] pool device newdevice

Attaches newdevice to an existing zzppooooll device. The existing device cannot be part of a rraaiiddzz configuration. If device is not currently part of a mirrored configuration, device automatically

transforms into a two-way mirror of device and newdevice. If

device is part of a two-way mirror, attaching newdevice creates a

three-way mirror, and so on. In either case, newdevice begins to

resilver immediately.

-ff Forces use of newdevice, even if its appears to be in use.

Not all devices can be overridden in this manner. zzppooooll ddeettaacchh pool device Detaches device from a mirror. The operation is refused if there are no other valid replicas of the data.

zzppooooll rreeppllaaccee [-ff] pool olddevice [newdevice]

Replaces olddevice with newdevice. This is equivalent to attach-

ing newdevice, waiting for it to resilver, and then detaching olddevice. The size of newdevice must be greater than or equal to the minimum size of all the devices in a mirror or rraaiiddzz configuration. If newdevice is not specified, it defaults to olddevice. This form of replacement is useful after an existing disk has failed and has been physically replaced. In this case, the new disk may have the same //ddeevv path as the old device, even though it is actually a different disk. ZFS recognizes this.

-ff Forces use of newdevice, even if its appears to be in use.

Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.

zzppooooll ssccrruubb [-ss] pool ...

Begins a scrub. The scrub examines all data in the specified pools to verify that it checksums correctly. For replicated (mirror or rraaiiddzz) devices, ZFS automatically repairs any damage discovered during the scrub. The "zzppooooll ssttaattuuss" command reports the progress

of the scrub and summarizes the results of the scrub upon comple-

tion.

Scrubbing and resilvering are very similar operations. The differ-

ence is that resilvering only examines data that ZFS knows to be out of date (for example, when attaching a new device to a mirror or replacing an existing device), whereas scrubbing examines all

data to discover silent errors due to hardware faults or disk fail-

ure.

Because scrubbing and resilvering are II//OO-intensive operations, ZFS

only allows one at a time. If a scrub is already in progress, the "zzppooooll ssccrruubb" command terminates it and starts a new scrub. If a resilver is in progress, ZFS does not allow a scrub to be started until the resilver completes.

-ss Stop scrubbing.

zzppooooll eexxppoorrtt [-ff] pool ...

Exports the given pools from the system. All devices are marked as exported, but are still considered in use by other subsystems. The

devices can be moved between systems (even those of different endi-

anness) and imported as long as a sufficient number of devices are present. Before exporting the pool, all datasets within the pool are unmounted. For pools to be portable, you must give the zzppooooll command whole

disks, not just slices, so that ZFS can label the disks with porta-

ble EEFFII labels. Otherwise, disk drivers on platforms of different endianness will not recognize the disks.

-ff Forcefully unmount all datasets, using the "uunnmmoouunntt -ff" com-

mand.

zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt [-dd dir] [-DD]

Lists pools available to import. If the -dd option is not specified,

this command searches for devices in "/dev" with the prefix "disk".

The -dd option can be specified multiple times, and all directories

are searched. If the device appears to be part of an exported pool, this command displays a summary of the pool with the name of the pool, a numeric identifier, as well as the vdev layout and current health of the device for each device or file. Destroyed pools,

pools that were previously destroyed with the "-zzppooooll ddeessttrrooyy" com-

mand, are not listed unless the -DD option is specified.

The numeric identifier is unique, and can be used instead of the

pool name when multiple exported pools of the same name are avail-

able.

-dd dir Searches for devices or files in dir. The -dd option can

be specified multiple times.

-DD Lists destroyed pools only.

zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt [-dd dir] [-DD] [-ff] [-oo opts] [-RR root] pool | id [newpool]

Imports a specific pool. A pool can be identified by its name or the numeric identifier. If newpool is specified, the pool is imported using the name newpool. Otherwise, it is imported with the same name as its exported name. If a device is removed from a system without running "zzppooooll eexxppoorrtt" first, the device appears as potentially active. It cannot be determined if this was a failed export, or whether the device is really in use from another host. To import a pool in this state,

the -ff option is required.

-dd dir Searches for devices or files in dir. The -dd option can

be specified multiple times.

-DD Imports destroyed pool. The -ff option is also required.

-ff Forces import, even if the pool appears to be poten-

tially active.

-oo opts Comma-separated list of mount options to use when mount-

ing datasets within the pool. See zzffss(8) for a descrip-

tion of dataset properties and mount options.

-RR root Imports pool(s) with an alternate root. See the "Alter-

nate Root Pools" section.

zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt [-dd dir] [-DD] [-ff] [-aa]

Imports all pools found in the search directories. Identical to the previous command, except that all pools with a sufficient number of devices available are imported. Destroyed pools, pools that were

previously destroyed with the "-zzppooooll ddeessttrrooyy" command, will not be

imported unless the -DD option is specified.

-dd dir Searches for devices or files in dir. The -dd option can

be specified multiple times.

-DD Imports destroyed pools only. The -ff option is also

required.

-ff Forces import, even if the pool appears to be potentially

active. zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee

Displays all pools formatted using a different ZFS on-disk version.

Older versions can continue to be used, but some features may not

be available. These pools can be upgraded using "zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee -aa".

Pools that are formatted with a more recent version are also dis-

played, although these pools will be inaccessible on the system.

zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee -vv

Displays ZFS versions supported by the current software. The cur-

rent ZFS versions and all previous supportedversions are displayed,

along with an explanation of the features provided with each ver-

sion.

zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee [-aa | pool]

Upgrades the given pool to the latest on-disk version. Once this is

done, the pool will no longer be accessible on systems running older versions of the software.

-aa Upgrades all pools.

zzppooooll hhiissttoorryy [pool] ... Displays the command history of the specified pools (or all pools if no pool is specified). EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS

EExxaammppllee 11 Creating a RAID-Z Storage Pool

The following command creates a pool with a single rraaiiddzz root vdev that consists of six disks.

## zzppooooll ccrreeaattee ttaannkk rraaiiddzz ddiisskk00 ddiisskk11 ddiisskk22 ddiisskk33 ddiisskk44 ddiisskk55

EExxaammppllee 22 Creating a Mirrored Storage Pool

The following command creates a pool with two mirrors, where each mir-

ror contains two disks.

## zzppooooll ccrreeaattee ttaannkk mmiirrrroorr ddiisskk00 ddiisskk11 mmiirrrroorr ddiisskk22 ddiisskk33

EExxaammppllee 33 Creating a ZFS Storage Pool by Using Slices The following command creates an unmirrored pool using two disk slices.

## zzppooooll ccrreeaattee ttaannkk ddiisskk00ss11 ddiisskk00ss44

EExxaammppllee 44 Creating a ZFS Storage Pool by Using Files The following command creates an unmirrored pool using files. While not

recommended, a pool based on files can be useful for experimental pur-

poses.

## zzppooooll ccrreeaattee ttaannkk //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiillee//aa //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiillee//bb

EExxaammppllee 55 Adding a Mirror to a ZFS Storage Pool The following command adds two mirrored disks to the pool "tank",

assuming the pool is already made up of two-way mirrors. The additional

space is immediately available to any datasets within the pool.

## zzppooooll aadddd ttaannkk mmiirrrroorr ddiisskk11 ddiisskk22

EExxaammppllee 66 Listing Available ZFS Storage Pools The following command lists all available pools on the system. In this case, the pool zion is faulted due to a missing device. The results from this command are similar to the following:

## zzppooooll lliisstt

NAME SIZE USED AVAIL CAP HEALTH ALTROOT

pool 67.5G 2.92M 67.5G 0% ONLINE -

tank 67.5G 2.92M 67.5G 0% ONLINE -

zion - - - 0% FAULTED -

EExxaammppllee 77 Destroying a ZFS Storage Pool

The following command destroys the pool "tank" and any datasets con-

tained within.

## zzppooooll ddeessttrrooyy -ff ttaannkk

EExxaammppllee 88 Exporting a ZFS Storage Pool The following command exports the devices in pool tank so that they can be relocated or later imported.

## zzppooooll eexxppoorrtt ttaannkk

EExxaammppllee 99 Importing a ZFS Storage Pool The following command displays available pools, and then imports the pool "tank" for use on the system. The results from this command are similar to the following:

## zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt

pool: tank id: 15451357997522795478 state: ONLINE action: The pool can be imported using its name or numeric identifier. config: tank ONLINE mirror ONLINE disk1s2 ONLINE disk2s3 ONLINE

## zzppooooll iimmppoorrtt ttaannkk

EExxaammppllee 1100 Upgrading All ZFS Storage Pools to the Current Version The following command upgrades all ZFS Storage pools to the current version of the software.

## zzppooooll uuppggrraaddee -aa

This system is currently running ZFS version 2. EExxaammppllee 1111 Managing Hot Spares The following command creates a new pool with an available hot spare:

## zzppooooll ccrreeaattee ttaannkk mmiirrrroorr ddiisskk00 ddiisskk11 ssppaarree ddiisskk22

If one of the disks were to fail, the pool would be reduced to the degraded state. The failed device can be replaced using the following command:

## zzppooooll rreeppllaaccee ttaannkk ddiisskk00 ddiisskk33

Once the data has been resilvered, the spare is automatically removed and is made available should another device fails. The hot spare can be permanently removed from the pool using the following command:

## zzppooooll rreemmoovvee ttaannkk ddiisskk22

EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS The following exit values are returned: 00 Successful completion. 11 An error occurred. 22 Invalid command line options were specified.