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PRINTF(1) BSD General Commands Manual PRINTF(1)

NAME

pprriinnttff - formatted output

SYNOPSIS

pprriinnttff format [arguments ...]

DESCRIPTION

pprriinnttff formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control of the format. The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. The arguments after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is either bb, cc or ss; otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions: ++oo A leading plus or minus sign is allowed. ++oo If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII code of the next character. The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the arguments. Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null string. Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in ANSI

X3.159-1989 (``ANSI C89''). The characters and their meanings are as

follows: \\ee Write an character. \\aa Write a character. \\bb Write a character.

\\ff Write a character.

\\nn Write a character.

\\rr Write a character. \\tt Write a character. \\vv Write a character. \\'' Write a character. \\\\ Write a backslash character.

\\num Write an 8-bit character whose ASCII value is the 1-, 2-,

or 3-digit octal number num.

Each format specification is introduced by the percent character (``%'').

The remainder of the format specification includes, in the following order: Zero or more of the following flags:

## A `#' character specifying that the value should be

printed in an ``alternative form''. For cc, dd, and ss, formats, this option has no effect. For the oo formats the precision of the number is increased to force the first character of the output string to a zero. For the

xx (XX) format, a non-zero result has the string 0x (0X)

prepended to it. For ee, EE, ff, gg, and GG, formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only

appears in the results of those formats if a digit fol-

lows the decimal point). For gg and GG formats, trailing

zeros are not removed from the result as they would oth-

erwise be;

- A minus sign `-' which specifies left adjustment of the

output in the indicated field; ++ A `+' character specifying that there should always be a sign placed before the number when using signed formats. ` ' A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number for a signed format. A `+' overrides a space if both are used;

00 A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should

be used rather than blank-padding. A `-' overrides a `0'

if both are used; Field Width: An optional digit string specifying a field width; if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will be

blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indi-

cator has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width); Precision: An optional period, `..', followed by an optional digit string giving a precision which specifies the number of digits to appear

after the decimal point, for ee and ff formats, or the maximum num-

ber of characters to be printed from a string; if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated as zero; Format: A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of ddiioouuxxXXffwwEEggGGbbccss). A field width or precision may be `**' instead of a digit string. In this case an argument supplies the field width or precision. The format characters and their meanings are: ddiioouuXXxx The argument is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal, or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.

ff The argument is printed in the style [-]ddd..ddd where the

number of d's after the decimal point is equal to the preci-

sion specification for the argument. If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.

eeEE The argument is printed in the style [-]d..dddee+-dd where

there is one digit before the decimal point and the number

after is equal to the precision specification for the argu-

ment; when the precision is missing, 6 digits are produced.

An upper-case E is used for an `E' format.

ggGG The argument is printed in style ff or in style ee (EE) which-

ever gives full precision in minimum space.

bb Characters from the string argument are printed with back-

slash-escape sequences expanded.

cc The first character of argument is printed. ss Characters from the string argument are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters indicated by the precision specification is reached; however if the precision is 0 or missing, all characters in the string are printed.

%% Print a `%'; no argument is used.

In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of a

field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds the actual width.

RETURN VALUES

pprriinnttff exits 0 on success, 1 on failure.

echo(1), printf(3)

STANDARDS

The pprriinnttff utility mostly conforms to IEEE Std 1003.2-1992 (``POSIX.2'').

BUGS

Since the floating point numbers are translated from ASCII to floating-

point and then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.

Parsing of - arguments is also somewhat different from printf(3), where

unknown arguments are simply printed instead of being flagged as errors. BSD November 5, 1993 BSD