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PERLREREF(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLREREF(1)

NAME

perlreref - Perl Regular Expressions Reference

DESCRIPTION

This is a quick reference to Perl's regular expressions. For full

information see perlre and perlop, as well as the "SEE ALSO" section in

this document. OOPPEERRAATTOORRSS =~ determines to which variable the regex is applied.

In its absence, $ is used.

$var =~ /foo/;

!~ determines to which variable the regex is applied, and negates the result of the match; it returns false if the match succeeds, and true if it fails.

$var !~ /foo/;

m/pattern/igmsoxc searches a string for a pattern match, applying the given options.

i case-Insensitive

g Global - all occurrences

m Multiline mode - ^ and $ match internal lines

s match as a Single line - . matches \n

o compile pattern Once

x eXtended legibility - free whitespace and comments

c don't reset pos on failed matches when using /g If 'pattern' is an empty string, the last I matched regex is used. Delimiters other than '/' may be used for both this operator and the following ones. qr/pattern/imsox lets you store a regex in a variable, or pass one around. Modifiers as for m// and are stored within the regex. s/pattern/replacement/igmsoxe substitutes matches of 'pattern' with 'replacement'. Modifiers as for m// with one addition: e Evaluate replacement as an expression 'e' may be specified multiple times. 'replacement' is interpreted

as a double quoted string unless a single-quote (') is the delimiter.

?pattern? is like m/pattern/ but matches only once. No alternate delimiters can be used. Must be reset with L. SSYYNNTTAAXX \ Escapes the character immediately following it . Matches any single character except a newline (unless /s is used) ^ Matches at the beginning of the string (or line, if /m is used)

$ Matches at the end of the string (or line, if /m is used)

* Matches the preceding element 0 or more times + Matches the preceding element 1 or more times ? Matches the preceding element 0 or 1 times {...} Specifies a range of occurrences for the element preceding it [...] Matches any one of the characters contained within the brackets

(...) Groups subexpressions for capturing to $1, $2...

(?:...) Groups subexpressions without capturing (cluster) | Matches either the subexpression preceding or following it \1, \2 ... The text from the Nth group EESSCCAAPPEE SSEEQQUUEENNCCEESS These work as in normal strings. \a Alarm (beep) \e Escape \f Formfeed \n Newline \r Carriage return \t Tab \038 Any octal ASCII value \x7f Any hexadecimal ASCII value \x{263a} A wide hexadecimal value

\cx Control-x

\N{name} A named character \l Lowercase next character \u Titlecase next character \L Lowercase until \E \U Uppercase until \E \Q Disable pattern metacharacters until \E \E End case modification For Titlecase, see "Titlecase". This one works differently from normal strings: \b An assertion, not backspace, except in a character class CCHHAARRAACCTTEERR CCLLAASSSSEESS [amy] Match 'a', 'm' or 'y'

[f-j] Dash specifies "range"

[f-j-] Dash escaped or at start or end means 'dash'

[^f-j] Caret indicates "match any character except these"

The following sequences work within or without a character class. The

first six are locale aware, all are Unicode aware. The default charac-

ter class equivalent are given. See perllocale and perlunicode for details.

\d A digit [0-9]

\D A nondigit [^0-9]

\w A word character [a-zA-Z0-9]

\W A non-word character [^a-zA-Z0-9]

\s A whitespace character [ \t\n\r\f]

\S A non-whitespace character [^ \t\n\r\f]

\C Match a byte (with Unicode, '.' matches a character)

\pP Match P-named (Unicode) property

\p{...} Match Unicode property with long name

\PP Match non-P

\P{...} Match lack of Unicode property with long name \X Match extended unicode sequence POSIX character classes and their Unicode and Perl equivalents: alnum IsAlnum Alphanumeric alpha IsAlpha Alphabetic ascii IsASCII Any ASCII char blank IsSpace [ \t] Horizontal whitespace (GNU extension) cntrl IsCntrl Control characters digit IsDigit \d Digits graph IsGraph Alphanumeric and punctuation lower IsLower Lowercase chars (locale and Unicode aware) print IsPrint Alphanumeric, punct, and space punct IsPunct Punctuation space IsSpace [\s\ck] Whitespace IsSpacePerl \s Perl's whitespace definition upper IsUpper Uppercase chars (locale and Unicode aware) word IsWord \w Alphanumeric plus (Perl extension)

xdigit IsXDigit [0-9A-Fa-f] Hexadecimal digit

Within a character class: POSIX traditional Unicode [:digit:] \d \p{IsDigit} [:^digit:] \D \P{IsDigit} AANNCCHHOORRSS

All are zero-width assertions.

^ Match string start (or line, if /m is used)

$ Match string end (or line, if /m is used) or before newline

\b Match word boundary (between \w and \W) \B Match except at word boundary (between \w and \w or \W and \W) \A Match string start (regardless of /m) \Z Match string end (before optional newline) \z Match absolute string end \G Match where previous m//g left off QQUUAANNTTIIFFIIEERRSS

Quantifiers are greedy by default - match the lloonnggeesstt leftmost.

Maximal Minimal Allowed range

---- ---- -------

{n,m} {n,m}? Must occur at least n times but no more than m times {n,} {n,}? Must occur at least n times {n} {n}? Must occur exactly n times * *? 0 or more times (same as {0,}) + +? 1 or more times (same as {1,}) ? ?? 0 or 1 time (same as {0,1})

There is no quantifier {,n} - that gets understood as a literal

string. EEXXTTEENNDDEEDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTSS

(?#text) A comment

(?imxs-imsx:...) Enable/disable option (as per m// modifiers)

(?=...) Zero-width positive lookahead assertion

(?!...) Zero-width negative lookahead assertion

(?<=...) Zero-width positive lookbehind assertion

(? (?>...) Grab what we can, prohibit backtracking

(?{ code }) Embedded code, return value becomes $^R

(??{ code }) Dynamic regex, return value used as regex (?(cond)yes|no) cond being integer corresponding to capturing parens

(?(cond)yes) or a lookaround/eval zero-width assertion

VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS

$ Default variable for operators to use

$* Enable multiline matching (deprecated; not in 5.9.0 or later)

$& Entire matched string

$` Everything prior to matched string

$' Everything after to matched string

The use of those last three will slow down aallll regex use within your program. Consult perlvar for @LASTMATCHSTART to see equivalent expressions that won't cause slow down. See also Devel::SawAmpersand.

$1, $2 ... hold the Xth captured expr

$+ Last parenthesized pattern match

$^N Holds the most recently closed capture

$^R Holds the result of the last (?{...}) expr

@- Offsets of starts of groups. $-[0] holds start of whole match

@+ Offsets of ends of groups. $+[0] holds end of whole match

Captured groups are numbered according to their opening paren. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS lc Lowercase a string lcfirst Lowercase first char of a string uc Uppercase a string ucfirst Titlecase first char of a string pos Return or set current match position quotemeta Quote metacharacters reset Reset ?pattern? status study Analyze string for optimizing matching split Use regex to split a string into parts The first four of these are like the escape sequences "\L", "\l", "\U", and "\u". For Titlecase, see "Titlecase". TTEERRMMIINNOOLLOOGGYY Titlecase Unicode concept which most often is equal to uppercase, but for certain characters like the German "sharp s" there is a difference. AUTHOR Iain Truskett. This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.