Manual Pages for UNIX Darwin command on man ls

LS(1) BSD General Commands Manual LS(1)

NAME

llss - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

llss [-AABBCCFFGGHHLLPPRRTTWWZZaabbccddeeffgghhiikkllmmnnooppqqrrssttuuwwxx11] [file ...]

DESCRIPTION

For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory, llss

displays its name as well as any requested, associated information. For

each operand that names a file of type directory, llss displays the names

of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested, asso-

ciated information.

If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are dis-

played. If more than one operand is given, non-directory operands are

displayed first; directory and non-directory operands are sorted sepa-

rately and in lexicographical order. The following options are available:

-AA List all entries except for . and ... Always set for the super-

user.

-BB Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by

ctype(3) and current locale settings) in file names as \xxx, where xxx is the numeric value of the character in octal.

-CC Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to

a terminal.

-FF Display a slash (`/') immediately after each pathname that is a

directory, an asterisk (`*') after each that is executable, an at

sign (`@') after each symbolic link, an equals sign (`=') after

each socket, a percent sign (`%') after each whiteout, and a ver-

tical bar (`|') after each that is a FIFO.

-GG Enable colorized output. This option is equivalent to defining

CLICOLOR in the environment. (See below.)

-HH Symbolic links on the command line are followed. This option is

assumed if none of the -FF, -dd, or -ll options are specified.

-LL If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the

link references rather than the link itself. This option cancels

the -PP option.

-PP If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than

the object the link references. This option cancels the -HH and

-LL options.

-RR Recursively list subdirectories encountered.

-SS Sort files by size

-TT When used with the -ll (lowercase letter ``ell'') option, display

complete time information for the file, including month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.

-WW Display whiteouts when scanning directories.

-aa Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (.).

-bb As -BB, but use C escape codes whenever possible.

-cc Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or print-

ing.

-dd Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).

-ee Print the Access Control List (ACL) associated with the file, if

present.

-ff Output is not sorted.

-gg This option is only available for compatibility with POSIX; it is

used to display the group name in the long (-ll) format output.

-hh When used with the -ll option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte,

Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to three or less using base 2 for sizes.

-ii For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode num-

ber).

-kk If the -ss option is specified, print the file size allocation in

kilobytes, not blocks. This option overrides the environment variable BLOCKSIZE.

-ll (The lowercase letter ``ell''.) List in long format. (See

below.) If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the long listing.

-mm Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by

commas.

-nn Display user and group IDs numerically rather than converting to

a user or group name in a long (-ll) output.

-oo Include the file flags in a long (-ll) output.

-pp Write a slash (`/') after each filename if that file is a direc-

tory.

-qq Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the

character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.

-rr Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical

order or the oldest entries first (or largest files last, if com-

bined with sort by size (-SS) flag).

-ss Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each

file, in units of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up to the next integer value. If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the listing. The environment variable BLOCKSIZE overrides the unit size of 512 bytes.

-tt Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before sort-

ing the operands by lexicographical order.

-uu Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the file

for sorting (-tt) or printing (-ll).

-ww Force raw printing of non-printable characters. This is the

default when output is not to a terminal.

-xx The same as -CC, except that the multi-column output is produced

with entries sorted across, rather than down, the columns.

-vv Force unedited printing of non-graphic characters; this is the

default when output is not to a terminal.

-11 (The numeric digit ``one''.) Force output to be one entry per

line. This is the default when output is not to a terminal.

The -11, -CC, -xx, and -ll options all override each other; the last one

specified determines the format used.

The -cc and -uu options override each other; the last one specified deter-

mines the file time used.

The -BB, -bb, -ww, and -qq options all override each other; the last one

specified determines the format used for non-printable characters.

The -HH, -LL and -PP options all override each other (either partially or

fully); they are applied in the order specified.

By default, llss lists one entry per line to standard output; the excep-

tions are to terminals or when the -CC or -xx options are specified.

File information is displayed with one or more s separating the

information associated with the -ii, -ss, and -ll options.

The Long Format

If the -ll option is given, the following information is displayed for

each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, number of

bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modi-

fied, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-

name. In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the

total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is

displayed on a line by itself immediately before the information for the files in the directory. If the file or directory has extended security

information, the permissions field printed by the -ll option is followed

by a '+' character. If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months in the past or future, then the year of the last modification is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.

If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name, or the -nn

option is given, the numeric ID's are displayed. If the file is a character special or block special file, the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the size field. If

the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is pre-

ceded by ``->''.

The file mode printed under the -ll option consists of the entry type,

owner permissions, and group permissions. The entry type character describes the type of file, as follows: bb Block special file. cc Character special file. dd Directory. ll Symbolic link. ss Socket link. pp FIFO.

- Regular file.

The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group

permissions, and other permissions. Each field has three character posi-

tions:

1. If rr, the file is readable; if -, it is not readable.

2. If ww, the file is writable; if -, it is not writable.

3. The first of the following that applies:

SS If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-

cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the

group permissions, the file is not executable and

set-group-ID mode is set.

ss If in the owner permissions, the file is exe-

cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the

group permissions, the file is executable and set-

group-ID mode is set.

xx The file is executable or the directory is search-

able.

- The file is neither readable, writable, exe-

cutable, nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode,

nor sticky. (See below.) These next two apply only to the third character in the last group (other permissions). TT The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute or search permission. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)

tt The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is search-

able or executable. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).) EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS

The following is how to do an llss listing sorted by size (and shows why llss

does not need a separate option for this):

ls -l | sort -n +4

Additionally, the -rr flag to sort(1) may be used to get the results

sorted from largest to smallest (a reverse sort). DIAGNOSTICS

The llss utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

ENVIRONMENT

The following environment variables affect the execution of llss:

BLOCKSIZE If the environment variable BLOCKSIZE is set, the block

counts (see -ss) will be displayed in units of that size

block. CLICOLOR Use ANSI color sequences to distinguish file types. See LSCOLORS below. In addition to the file types mentioned

in the -FF option some extra attributes (setuid bit set,

etc.) are also displayed. The colorization is dependent

on a terminal type with the proper termcap(5) capabili-

ties. The default ``cons25'' console has the proper capabilities, but to display the colors in an xterm(1), for example, the TERM variable must be set to

``xterm-color''. Other terminal types may require simi-

lar adjustments. Colorization is silently disabled if the output isn't directed to a terminal unless the CLICOLORFORCE variable is defined. CLICOLORFORCE Color sequences are normally disabled if the output isn't

directed to a terminal. This can be overridden by set-

ting this flag. The TERM variable still needs to refer-

ence a color capable terminal however otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to use. COLUMNS If this variable contains a string representing a decimal

integer, it is used as the column position width for dis-

playing multiple-text-column output. The llss utility cal-

culates how many pathname text columns to display based

on the width provided. (See -CC and -xx.)

LANG The locale to use when determining the order of day and

month in the long -ll format output. See environ(7) for

more information. LSCOLORS The value of this variable describes what color to use for which attribute when colors are enabled with CLICOLOR. This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format fb, where f is the foreground color and b is the background color. The color designators are as follows: aa black bb red cc green dd brown ee blue ff magenta gg cyan hh light grey AA bold black, usually shows up as dark grey BB bold red CC bold green DD bold brown, usually shows up as yellow EE bold blue FF bold magenta GG bold cyan HH bold light grey; looks like bright white xx default foreground or background Note that the above are standard ANSI colors. The actual display may differ depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use. The order of the attributes are as follows: 1. directory 2. symbolic link 3. socket 4. pipe 5. executable 6. block special 7. character special 8. executable with setuid bit set 9. executable with setgid bit set 10. directory writable to others, with sticky bit 11. directory writable to others, without sticky bit

The default is "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad", i.e. blue fore-

ground and default background for regular directories,

black foreground and red background for setuid executa-

bles, etc.

LSCOLWIDTHS If this variable is set, it is considered to be a colon-

delimited list of minimum column widths. Unreasonable and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies a dynamically sized column). Not all columns have changeable widths. The fields are, in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name, group name, flags, file size, file name. TERM The CLICOLOR functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities. TZ The timezone to use when displaying dates. See environ(7) for more information. CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for files in order to be compatible with the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') specification.

The llss utility conforms to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (``POSIX.1'').

HISTORY

An llss command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.

BUGS

To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many options are quite complex. BSD May 19, 2002 BSD