NAME
certtool - create key pairs, certificates and certificate signing
requests for use with KeychainsSYNOPSIS
cceerrttttooooll command [command-args] [options] cceerrttttooooll c [options] cceerrttttooooll
r outFileName [options] cceerrttttooooll v infileName [options] cceerrttttooooll CdomainName [options] cceerrttttooooll i inFileName [options] cceerrttttooooll d inFile-
Name [options] cceerrttttooooll I inFileName [options] cceerrttttooooll D inFileName [options] cceerrttttooooll y [options] CCEERRTTTTOOOOLL CCOOMMMMAANNDD SSUUMMMMAARRYY cc Create keypair and Certificate rr Create CSR vv Verify CSR CC Create a System Identity ii Import Certificate dd Display Certificate II Import CRL DD Display CRL II Import a CRL yy Display all certs and CRLs in keychain CCEERRTTTTOOOOLL OOPPTTIIOONN SSUUMMMMAARRYY cc Create the keychain, if one is needed. dd Create a CSR in DER format; default is PEM kk==kkeeyycchhaaiinnNNaammee Specify the Keychain to use for the operation. If keychainName starts with a '/', an absolute path is assumed; otherwise, the specified filename is relative to the user's Library/Keychains directory. pp==ppaasssspphhrraassee Specify the keychain passphrase when creating rr==pprriivvaatteeKKeeyyFFiilleeNNaammee Optional private key, for Import Certificate only ff==[[1188ff]] Private Key Format = PKCS1/PKCS8/FIPS186; default is PKCS1 (openssl) xx==[[aaSSssmm]] Extended Key Usage: a=Any; s=SSL Client; S=SSL Server; m=SMIME aa Generate private key with default ACL uu Generate private key with ACL limiting access to current user PP Don't create System Identity if one already exists for specified domain hh Print usage message vv Execute in verbose mode.DESCRIPTION
CCeerrttttooooll is a UNIX command-line program which is used to create key
pairs, certificates, and certificate signing requests; to import exter-
nally generated certificates and Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) into a Keychain, and to display the contents of certificates and CRLs. EEXXAAMMPPLLEESSGGeenneerraattiinngg aa SSeellff-SSiiggnneedd CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee This command generates a key pair
and a self-signed (root) certificate and places them in a keychain. The
root cert is signed by the private key generated during this command. The cert generated by this command is totally untrustworthy and cannot be used in the "real world"; the primary use of this command is to facilitate early development of SSL server applications based on SecureTransport. In particular, "real world" SSL clients (e.g., web browsers) will complain to varying degrees when they attempt to connectto an SSL server which presents a cert which is generated by this com-
mand. Some broswers, after a fair amount of handholding, will allow you to conditionally "trust" this cert.# CertTool c [options]
The available options are: k=keyChainName Where "keyChainName" is the name of the keychain into which keys and the cert will be added. The specified keychain must exist. If it doesn't exist and you want the keychain created for you, specify the 'c' option. If no keychain is specified, keys and certs are added to the default keychain. c Specifies that the designated keychain is to be created. x=[aSsm] Specifies an optional Extended Key Usage extension. Values are 'a' for ExtendedKeyUseAny; 's' for SSL client (ClientAuth); 'S' for SSL server (ServerAuth); and 'm' for S/MIME (EmailProtection). a Results the the private key being created with a default ACL. If not specified, the private key is created with no ACL. u Create the private key with an ACL limiting access to the current user. This is an interactive command; you will be prompted for a number of different items which are used to generate the keypair and the cert. A sample session follows.# CertTool k=certkc
Enter key and certificate label: testCert Please specify parameters for the key pair you will generate. r RSA d DSA f FEE Select key algorithm by letter: r Valid key sizes for RSA are 512..2048; default is 512 Enter key size in bits or CR for default: 512 You have selected algorithm RSA, key size 512 bits. OK (y/anything)? y Enter cert/key usage (s=signing, b=signing AND encrypting): b ...Generating key pair...Note: you will be prompted for the Keychain's passphrase by the Key-
chain system at this point if the specified keychain is not open and you have not specified the passphrase via the 'p' option. Please specify the algorithm with which your certificate will be signed. 5 RSA with MD5 s RSA with SHA1 Select signature algorithm by letter: s You have selected algorithm RSA with SHA1. OK (y/anything)? yYou will now specify the various components of the certificate's Rela-
tive Distinguished Name (RDN). An RDN has a number of components, all of which are optional, but at least one of which must be present. Note that if you are creating a certificate for use in an SSL/TLS server, the Common Name component of the RDN must match exactly the host name of the server. This must not be an IP address, but the actual domain name, e.g. www.apple.com. Entering a CR for a given RDN component results in no value for that component. Common Name (e.g. www.apple.com) : 10.0.61.5 Country (e.g. US) : Organization (e.g. Apple Computer, Inc.) : Apple Organization Unit (e.g. Apple Data Security) : State/Province (e.g. California) : California Email Address (e.g. johngalt@rand.com) : You have specified: Common Name : 10.0.61.5 Organization : Apple State/Province : California Is this OK (y/anything)? y#
The "Common Name" portion of the RDN - in the above case, "10.0.61.5" -
MUST match the host name of the machine you'll be running an SSL/TLSserver on. (In this case the test machine doesn't have an actual host-
name; it's DHCP'd behind a firewall which is why "10.0.61.5" was speci-
fied for Common Name.) This is part of SSL's certificate verification; it prevents an attack using DNS spoofing. A brief note about cert/key usage: the normal configuration of SecureTransport is that the server cert specified in SSLSetCertificate() is capable of both signing and encryption. If this cert is only capable of signing, you must create a second keychain containing a cert which is capable of encryption, and pass that to SSLSetEncryptionCertificate(). GGeenneerraattiinngg aa CCeerrttiiffiiccaatteeSSiiggnniinngg RReeqquueesstt ((CCSSRR)) A CSR is the standard means by which an adminis-
trator of a web server provides information to a Certificate Authority (CA) in order to obtain a valid certificate which is signed by the CA. This type of cert is used in the real world; certs signed by CAs suchas Verisign or Thawte are recognized by most web browsers when perform-
ing SSL transactions. The general procedure for obtaining a "real" cert is: +o Generate a key pair +o Generate a CSR +o Provide the CSR and some other information and/or documentation to the CA +o CA sends you a certificate which is signed by the CA. +o You import that certificate, obtained from the CA, into yourkeychain. The items in that keychain can now be used in Secure-
Transport's SSLSetCertificate() call. This command performs the first two steps in the above procedure. See the section below entitled "Importing a Certificate" for information on importing the resulting certificate into your keychain. The format of this command is# CertTool r outFileName [options]
The resulting CSR will be written to "outFileName". The available options are: k=keyChainName Where "KeyChainName" is the name of the keychain into which keys and the cert will be added. If no keychain is specified, keys and certs are added to the default keychain. The specified keychain must exist unless you specify the 'c' option. dThe 'd' option tells CertTool to create the CSR in DER-encoded format.
The default is PEM-encoded, which is what most CAs expect. PEM encoded
data consists of printable ASCII text which can, for example, be pastedinto an email message. DER-encoded data is nonprintable binary data.
c Specifies that the designated keychain is to be created. a Results the the private key being created with a default ACL. If not specified, the private key is created with no ACL. u Create the private key with an ACL limiting access to the current user. This is an interactive command; you will be prompted for a number of different items which are used to generate the keypair and the CSR. Theprompts given, and the format of the data you must supply, are identi-
cal to the data shown in the sample session in Section 2. VVeerriiffyyiinngg aaCCSSRR A CSR contains, among other things, the public key which was gener-
ated in as described above. The CSR is signed with the associated pri-
vate key. Thus the integrity of a CSR can be verified by extracting itspublic key and verifying the signature of the CSR. This command per-
forms this integrity check. The format of this command is# CertTool v inFileName [options]
The only available option is the 'd' flag, which as described above inthe section entitled "Generating a Certificate Signing Request", indi-
ciates that the CSR is in DER format rather than the default PEM for-
mat. A typical (successful) run of this command is like so:# CertTool v myCsr.pem
...CSR verified successfully.A large number of things can go wrong if the verification fails; suf-
fice it to say that if you see anything other than the above success message, you have a bad or corrupted CSR. CCrreeaattiinngg aa SSyysstteemm IIddeennttiittyyThis creates a key pair and a self-signed (root) certificate in the
System keychain, and registers the result in the System Identity data-
base as being the IDentity associated with the specified domain name.The domain name is typically a string of the form "com.apple.somedo-
main...". You must be running as root to execute this command. The format of this command is# CertTool C domainName [options]
The available options are: u Create the private key with an ACL limiting access to the current user. If not specified, the private key wil be created with a default ACL. P Don't create system identity if one already exists for specified domain. IImmppoorrttiinngg aa CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee ffrroomm aa CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee AAuutthhoorriittyy Once you have negotiated with your CA, and provided them with the CSR generated as described above as well as any other information, documentation, and payment they require, the CA will provide you with a certificate. Use this command to add that certificate to the keychain containing the keypair you generated previously. The format of this command is# CertTool i inFileName [options]
The cert to import is obtained from "inFileName". The available options are: k=keyChainName Where "keyChainName" is the name of the keychain to which the cert will be added. If no keychain is specified, the cert is added to the default keychain. The specified keychain typically contains the keypair yougenerated previously. (Note you can import a certificate into a key-
chain which does not contain keys you generated but there will be no linkage between the imported certificate and a private key if you do this.) If the keychain is not open when this command is executed, you will be prompted by the Keychain system for its passphrase. r=privateKeyFileName Where "privateKeyFileName" is the name of the optional private key file to imported along with the certificate. This option is used to import cert/key pairs which are generated by other means, such as OpenSSL. f=privateKeyFormat Where "privateKeyFormat" is the format of the private key specified with the 'r' option. The formats are: '1' for PKCS1 (OpenSSL format), '8' (PKCS8), and 'f' (FIPS186, BSAFE format). The default is OpenSSL format for both RSA and DSA keys. d Specifies DER format as described above. The default is PEM format. c Specifies that the designated keychain is to be created. DDiissppllaayyiinngg aa CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee This displays the contents of an existing certificate, obtained from a file. The format of this command is# CertTool d inFileName [options]
The cert to display is obtained from "inFileName". The only available option is the 'd' flag, specifying DER format as described above. Thedefault is PEM format. Actually, in the absence of this option, cert-
tool will correctly determine the format of the certificate (PEM orDER). IImmppoorrttiinngg aa CCRRLL This command is used to add a Certificate Revo-
cation List (CRL) to a keychain. The format of this command is# CertTool I inFileName [options]
The CRL to import is obtained from "inFileName". The available options are: k=keyChainName Where "KeyChainName" is the name of the keychain to which the CRL will be added. If no keychain is specified, the cert is added to the default keychain. If the keychain is not open when this command is executed, you will be prompted by the Keychain system for its passphrase. d Specifies DER format as described above. The default is PEM format. c Specifies that the designated keychain is to be created. DDiissppllaayyiinngg aa CCRRLL This displays the contents of an existing Certificate Revocation List (CRL), obtained from a file. The format of this command is# CertTool D inFileName [options]
The cert to display is obtained from "inFileName". The only available option is the 'd' flag, specifying DER format as described above. The default is PEM format. DDiissppllaayyiinngg CCeerrttiiffiiccaatteess aanndd CCRRLLss iinn aa kkeeyycchhaaiinn This displays the contents of all certificates and CRLs in a keychain. The format of this command is# CertTool y [options]
The available options are: k=keyChainName Where "KeyChainName" is the name of the keychain to display. v Specifies verbose mode. CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee AAuutthhoorriittiieess aanndd CCSSRRss As mentioned above, the general procedure for obtaining a "real" cert is: +o Generate a key pair +o Generate a CSR +o Provide the CSR and some other information and/or documentation to the CA +o CA sends you a certificate which is signed by the CA. +o You import that certificate, obtained from the CA, into yourkeychain. The items in that keychain can now be used in Secure-
Transpoert's SSLSetCertificate() call. One CA with an excellentweb-based interface for obtaining a cert is Verisign
(http://www.verisign.com/products/site/index.html). You can geta free 14-day trial certificate using nothing but CertTool,
Verisign's web site, and email. You need to provide some per-
sonal information. Paste the CSR generated as described in the section entitled "Generating a Certificate Signing Request" into a form on the web site. A few minutes later Verisign emails you a certificate, which you import into your keychain. The whole process takes less than 10 minutes. The free certificate obtained in this manner is signed by a temporary root cert which is not recognized by any browsers, but Verisign also provides a means of installing this temporary root cert into your browser, directly from their web site. Typically one would use the free, temporary cert to perform initial configuration of a server andto ring out the general SSL infrastructure. Once you feel com-
fortable with the operation of the server, then it's time to buy a "real" certificate which will allow your web server to be trusted by any browser. Thawte has a similar, very friendly service at http://www.thawte.com/. Note that, for early webserver development and/or testing, you can skip the entire pro-
cedure described above and just generate your own self-signed
root cert as described above. No CA is involved; no CSR is gen-
erated; no cert needs to be imported - CertTool generates a cert
for you and immediately adds it to your keychain. Bear in mind that this option will require support from various SSL clients you'll be testing with, none of which recognize your root cert. FILES //SSyysstteemm//LLiibbrraarryy//KKeeyycchhaaiinnss//XX550099AAnncchhoorrss System root certificate database //LLiibbrraarryy//KKeeyycchhaaiinnss//SSyysstteemm..kkeeyycchhaaiinn System KeychainSEE ALSO
ooppeennssssll(11) Apple Computer, Inc. March 19, 2003 CERTTOOL(1)