NAME
Encode::PerlIO - a detailed document on Encode and PerlIO
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It is very common to want to do encoding transformations when reading
or writing files, network connections, pipes etc. If Perl is config-
ured to use the new 'perlio' IO system then "Encode" provides a "layer"
(see PerlIO) which can transform data as it is read or written.
Here is how the blind poet would modernise the encoding:
use Encode;
open(my $iliad,'<:encoding(iso-8859-7)','iliad.greek');
open(my $utf8,'>:utf8','iliad.utf8');
my @epic = <$iliad>;
print $utf8 @epic;
close($utf8);
close($illiad);
In addition, the new IO system can also be configured to read/write
UTF-8 encoded characters (as noted above, this is efficient):
open(my $fh,'>:utf8','anything');
print $fh "Any \x{0021} string \N{SMILEY FACE}\n";
Either of the above forms of "layer" specifications can be made the
default for a lexical scope with the "use open ..." pragma. See open.
Once a handle is open, its layers can be altered using "binmode".
Without any such configuration, or if Perl itself is built using the
system's own IO, then write operations assume that the file handle
accepts only bytes and will "die" if a character larger than 255 is
written to the handle. When reading, each octet from the handle becomes
a byte-in-a-character. Note that this default is the same behaviour as
bytes-only languages (including Perl before v5.6) would have, and is
sufficient to handle native 8-bit encodings e.g. iso-8859-1, EBCDIC
etc. and any legacy mechanisms for handling other encodings and binary
data.
In other cases, it is the program's responsibility to transform charac-
ters into bytes using the API above before doing writes, and to trans-
form the bytes read from a handle into characters before doing "charac-
ter operations" (e.g. "lc", "/\W+/", ...).
You can also use PerlIO to convert larger amounts of data you don't
want to bring into memory. For example, to convert between ISO-8859-1
(Latin 1) and UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC in EBCDIC machines):
open(F, "<:encoding(iso-8859-1)", "data.txt") or die $!;
open(G, ">:utf8", "data.utf") or die $!;
while () { print G }
# Could also do "print G " but that would pull
# the whole file into memory just to write it out again.
More examples:
open(my $f, "<:encoding(cp1252)")
open(my $g, ">:encoding(iso-8859-2)")
open(my $h, ">:encoding(latin9)") # iso-8859-15
See also encoding for how to change the default encoding of the data in
your script.
HHooww ddooeess iitt wwoorrkk??
Here is a crude diagram of how filehandle, PerlIO, and Encode interact.
filehandle <-> PerlIO PerlIO <-> scalar (read/printed)
\ /
Encode
When PerlIO receives data from either direction, it fills a buffer
(currently with 1024 bytes) and passes the buffer to Encode. Encode
tries to convert the valid part and passes it back to PerlIO, leaving
invalid parts (usually a partial character) in the buffer. PerlIO then
appends more data to the buffer, calls Encode again, and so on until
the data stream ends.
To do so, PerlIO always calls (de|en)code methods with CHECK set to 1.
This ensures that the method stops at the right place when it encoun-
ters partial character. The following is what happens when PerlIO and
Encode tries to encode (from utf8) more than 1024 bytes and the buffer
boundary happens to be in the middle of a character.
A B C .... ~ \x{3000} ....
41 42 43 .... 7E e3 80 80 ....
<- buffer -------->
<< encoded >>>>>>>>>>
<- next buffer ---
Encode converts from the beginning to \x7E, leaving \xe3 in the buffer
because it is invalid (partial character).
Unfortunately, this scheme does not work well with escape-based encod-
ings such as ISO-2022-JP.
LLiinnee BBuuffffeerriinngg
Now let's see what happens when you try to decode from ISO-2022-JP and
the buffer ends in the middle of a character.
JIS208-ESC \x{5f3e}
A B C .... ~ \e $ B |DAN | ....
41 42 43 .... 7E 1b 24 41 43 46 ....
<- buffer -------------->
<< encoded >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
As you see, the next buffer begins with \x43. But \x43 is 'C' in
ASCII, which is wrong in this case because we are now in JISX 0208 area
so it has to convert \x43\x46, not \x43. Unlike utf8 and EUC, in
escape-based encodings you can't tell if a given octet is a whole char-
acter or just part of it.
Fortunately PerlIO also supports line buffer if you tell PerlIO to use
one instead of fixed buffer. Since ISO-2022-JP is guaranteed to revert
to ASCII at the end of the line, partial character will never happen
when line buffer is used.
To tell PerlIO to use line buffer, implement ->needslines method for
your encoding object. See Encode::Encoding for details.
Thanks to these efforts most encodings that come with Encode support
PerlIO but that still leaves following encodings.
iso-2022-kr
MIME-B
MIME-Header
MIME-Q
Fortunately iso-2022-kr is hardly used (according to Jungshik) and
MIME-* are very unlikely to be fed to PerlIO because they are for mail
headers. See Encode::MIME::Header for details.
HHooww ccaann II tteellll wwhheetthheerr mmyy eennccooddiinngg ffuullllyy ssuuppppoorrttss PPeerrllIIOO ??
As of this writing, any encoding whose class belongs to Encode::XS and
Encode::Unicode works. The Encode module has a "perliook" method
which you can use before applying PerlIO encoding to the filehandle.
Here is an example:
my $useperlio = perliook($enc);
my $layer = $useperlio ? "<:raw" : "<:encoding($enc)";
open my $fh, $layer, $file or die "$file : $!";
while(<$fh>){
$ = decode($enc, $) unless $useperlio;
# ....
}
SEE ALSO
Encode::Encoding, Encode::Supported, Encode::PerlIO, encoding, per-
lebcdic, "open" in perlfunc, perlunicode, utf8, the Perl Unicode Mail-
ing List
perl v5.8.8 2001-09-21 Encode::PerlIO(3pm)