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Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

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NAME

Tcl_GetEncoding, Tcl_FreeEncoding, Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString,

Tcl_ExternalToUtf, Tcl_UtfToExternalDString,

Tcl_UtfToExternal, Tcl_WinTCharToUtf, Tcl_WinUtfToTChar,

Tcl_GetEncodingName, Tcl_SetSystemEncoding,

Tcl_GetEncodingNames, Tcl_CreateEncoding,

Tcl_GetDefaultEncodingDir, Tcl_SetDefaultEncodingDir - pro-

cedures for creating and using encodings.

SYNOPSIS

#include

Tcl_Encoding

Tcl_GetEncoding(interp, name)

void

Tcl_FreeEncoding(encoding)

char *

Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString(encoding, src, srcLen, dstPtr)

int

Tcl_ExternalToUtf(interp, encoding, src, srcLen, flags, statePtr, dst, dstLen, srcReadPtr, dstWrotePtr,

dstCharsPtr) char *

Tcl_UtfToExternalDString(encoding, src, srcLen, dstPtr)

int

Tcl_UtfToExternal(interp, encoding, src, srcLen, flags, statePtr, dst, dstLen, srcReadPtr, dstWrotePtr,

dstCharsPtr) char *

Tcl_WinTCharToUtf(tsrc, srcLen, dstPtr)

TCHAR *

Tcl_WinUtfToTChar(src, srcLen, dstPtr)

CONST char *

Tcl_GetEncodingName(encoding)

int

Tcl_SetSystemEncoding(interp, name)

void

Tcl_GetEncodingNames(interp)

Tcl_Encoding

Tcl_CreateEncoding(typePtr)

Tcl Last change: 8.1 1

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

CONST char *

Tcl_GetDefaultEncodingDir(void)

void

Tcl_SetDefaultEncodingDir(path)

ARGUMENTS

Tcl_Interp *interp (in) Interpreter to

use for error reporting, or NULL if no error reporting is desired.

CONST char *name (in) Name of encod-

ing to load.

Tcl_Encoding encoding (in) The encoding to

query, free, or

use for con-

verting text. If encoding is NULL, the current system encoding is used. CONST char *src (in) For the

Tcl_ExternalToUtf

functions, an array of bytes

in the speci-

fied encoding that are to be converted to

UTF-8. For the

Tcl_UtfToExternal

and

Tcl_WinUtfToTChar

functions, an

array of UTF-8

characters to be converted to the specified encoding. CONST TCHAR *tsrc (in) An array of Windows TCHAR characters to convert to Tcl Last change: 8.1 2

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

UTF-8.

int srcLen (in) Length of src or tsrc in bytes. If the

length is nega-

tive, the

encoding-

specific length of the string is used.

Tcl_DString *dstPtr (out) Pointer to an

uninitialized or free

Tcl_DString in

which the con-

verted result will be stored. int flags (in) Various flag

bits OR-ed

together.

TCL_ENCODING_START

signifies that the source buffer is the first block in a (potentially

multi-block)

input stream, telling the

conversion rou-

tine to reset to an initial

state and per-

form any ini-

tialization that needs to occur before the first byte is converted.

TCL_ENCODING_END

signifies that the source buffer is the last block in a (potentially

multi-block)

input stream, telling the conversion Tcl Last change: 8.1 3

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

routine to per-

form any final-

ization that needs to occur after the last

byte is con-

verted and then to reset to an initial state.

TCL_ENCODING_STOPONERROR

signifies that the conversion routine should

return immedi-

ately upon reading a

source charac-

ter that doesn't exist in the target

encoding; oth-

erwise a

default fall-

back character

will automati-

cally be sub-

stituted.

Tcl_EncodingState *statePtr (in/out) Used when con-

verting a (gen-

erally long or indefinite length) byte stream in a piece by piece fashion. The

conversion rou-

tine stores its current state in *statePtr after src (the

buffer contain-

ing the current piece) has been converted; that

state informa-

tion must be passed back when converting the next piece of the stream so the Tcl Last change: 8.1 4

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

conversion rou-

tine knows what state it was in when it left off at the end of the last piece. May be NULL, in which case the value specified for flags is ignored and the source buffer is assumed to contain the complete string to convert. char *dst (out) Buffer in which the converted result will be stored. No more than dstLen bytes will be stored in dst. int dstLen (in) The maximum length of the output buffer dst in bytes. int *srcReadPtr (out) Filled with the number of bytes from src that were actually converted. This may be less than the original source length if there was a problem converting some

source charac-

ters. May be NULL. int *dstWrotePtr (out) Filled with the number of bytes

that were actu-

ally stored in the output Tcl Last change: 8.1 5

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

buffer as a result of the conversion. May be NULL. int *dstCharsPtr (out) Filled with the

number of char-

acters that correspond to the number of bytes stored in the output buffer. May be NULL.

Tcl_EncodingType *typePtr (in) Structure that

defines a new

type of encod-

ing. CONST char *path (in) A path to the location of the encoding file.

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INTRODUCTION These routines convert between Tcl's internal character

representation, UTF-8, and character representations used by

various operating systems or file systems, such as Unicode,

ASCII, or Shift-JIS. When operating on strings, such as

such as obtaining the names of files or displaying charac-

ters using international fonts, the strings must be translated into one or possibly multiple formats that the various system calls can use. For instance, on a Japanese Unix workstation, a user might obtain a filename represented

in the EUC-JP file encoding and then translate the charac-

ters to the jisx0208 font encoding in order to display the

filename in a Tk widget. The purpose of the encoding pack-

age is to help bridge the translation gap. UTF-8 provides

an intermediate staging ground for all the various encod-

ings. In the example above, text would be translated into

UTF-8 from whatever file encoding the operating system is

using. Then it would be translated from UTF-8 into whatever

font encoding the display routines require. Some basic encodings are compiled into Tcl. Others can be defined by the user or dynamically loaded from encoding

files in a platform-independent manner.

DESCRIPTION

Tcl_GetEncoding finds an encoding given its name. The name

may refer to a builtin Tcl encoding, a user-defined encoding

Tcl Last change: 8.1 6

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

registered by calling Tcl_CreateEncoding, or a dynamically-

loadable encoding file. The return value is a token that represents the encoding and can be used in subsequent calls

to procedures such as Tcl_GetEncodingName, Tcl_FreeEncoding,

and Tcl_UtfToExternal. If the name did not refer to any

known or loadable encoding, NULL is returned and an error message is returned in interp. The encoding package maintains a database of all encodings currently in use. The first time name is seen,

Tcl_GetEncoding returns an encoding with a reference count

of 1. If the same name is requested further times, then the reference count for that encoding is incremented without the overhead of allocating a new encoding and all its associated data structures.

When an encoding is no longer needed, Tcl_FreeEncoding

should be called to release it. When an encoding is no longer in use anywhere (i.e., it has been freed as many

times as it has been gotten) Tcl_FreeEncoding will release

all storage the encoding was using and delete it from the database.

Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString converts a source buffer src from

the specified encoding into UTF-8. The converted bytes are

stored in dstPtr, which is then null-terminated. The caller

should eventually call Tcl_DStringFree to free any informa-

tion stored in dstPtr. When converting, if any of the char-

acters in the source buffer cannot be represented in the target encoding, a default fallback character will be used. The return value is a pointer to the value stored in the DString.

Tcl_ExternalToUtf converts a source buffer src from the

specified encoding into UTF-8. Up to srcLen bytes are con-

verted from the source buffer and up to dstLen converted bytes are stored in dst. In all cases, *srcReadPtr is

filled with the number of bytes that were successfully con-

verted from src and *dstWrotePtr is filled with the corresponding number of bytes that were stored in dst. The return value is one of the following:

TCL_OK All bytes of src were con-

verted.

TCL_CONVERT_NOSPACE The destination buffer was

not large enough for all of the converted data; as many characters as could fit were converted though.

TCL_CONVERT_MULTIBYTE The last fews bytes in the

Tcl Last change: 8.1 7

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

source buffer were the beginning of a multibyte sequence, but more bytes were needed to complete

this sequence. A subse-

quent call to the conver-

sion routine should pass a buffer containing the unconverted bytes that remained in src plus some further bytes from the source stream to properly convert the formerly

split-up multibyte

sequence.

TCL_CONVERT_SYNTAX The source buffer con-

tained an invalid charac-

ter sequence. This may occur if the input stream has been damaged or if the input encoding method was misidentified.

TCL_CONVERT_UNKNOWN The source buffer con-

tained a character that could not be represented in the target encoding and

TCL_ENCODING_STOPONERROR

was specified.

Tcl_UtfToExternalDString converts a source buffer src from

UTF-8 into the specified encoding. The converted bytes are

stored in dstPtr, which is then terminated with the

appropriate encoding-specific null. The caller should even-

tually call Tcl_DStringFree to free any information stored

in dstPtr. When converting, if any of the characters in the source buffer cannot be represented in the target encoding, a default fallback character will be used. The return value is a pointer to the value stored in the DString.

Tcl_UtfToExternal converts a source buffer src from UTF-8

into the specified encoding. Up to srcLen bytes are con-

verted from the source buffer and up to dstLen converted bytes are stored in dst. In all cases, *srcReadPtr is

filled with the number of bytes that were successfully con-

verted from src and *dstWrotePtr is filled with the corresponding number of bytes that were stored in dst. The return values are the same as the return values for

Tcl_ExternalToUtf.

Tcl Last change: 8.1 8

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

Tcl_WinUtfToTChar and Tcl_WinTCharToUtf are Windows-only

convenience functions for converting between UTF-8 and Win-

dows strings. On Windows 95 (as with the Macintosh and Unix operating systems), all strings exchanged between Tcl and the operating system are "char" based. On Windows NT, some strings exchanged between Tcl and the operating system are "char" oriented while others are in Unicode. By convention, in Windows a TCHAR is a character in the ANSI code page on Windows 95 and a Unicode character on Windows NT. If you planned to use the same "char" based interfaces on both Windows 95 and Windows NT, you could use

Tcl_UtfToExternal and Tcl_ExternalToUtf (or their

Tcl_DString equivalents) with an encoding of NULL (the

current system encoding). On the other hand, if you planned to use the Unicode interface when running on Windows NT and the "char" interfaces when running on Windows 95, you would have to perform the following type of test over and over in

your program (as represented in pseudo-code):

if (running NT) {

encoding <- Tcl_GetEncoding("unicode");

nativeBuffer <- Tcl_UtfToExternal(encoding, utfBuffer);

Tcl_FreeEncoding(encoding);

} else {

nativeBuffer <- Tcl_UtfToExternal(NULL, utfBuffer);

Tcl_WinUtfToTChar and Tcl_WinTCharToUtf automatically handle

this test and use the proper encoding based on the current

operating system. Tcl_WinUtfToTChar returns a pointer to a

TCHAR string, and Tcl_WinTCharToUtf expects a TCHAR string

pointer as the src string. Otherwise, these functions

behave identically to Tcl_UtfToExternalDString and

Tcl_ExternalToUtfDString.

Tcl_GetEncodingName is roughly the inverse of

Tcl_GetEncoding. Given an encoding, the return value is the

name argument that was used to create the encoding. The

string returned by Tcl_GetEncodingName is only guaranteed to

persist until the encoding is deleted. The caller must not modify this string.

Tcl_SetSystemEncoding sets the default encoding that should

be used whenever the user passes a NULL value for the encod-

ing argument to any of the other encoding functions. If name is NULL, the system encoding is reset to the default system encoding, binary. If the name did not refer to any

known or loadable encoding, TCL_ERROR is returned and an

error message is left in interp. Otherwise, this procedure increments the reference count of the new system encoding, decrements the reference count of the old system encoding,

and returns TCL_OK.

Tcl Last change: 8.1 9

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

Tcl_GetEncodingNames sets the interp result to a list con-

sisting of the names of all the encodings that are currently defined or can be dynamically loaded, searching the encoding

path specified by Tcl_SetDefaultEncodingDir. This procedure

does not ensure that the dynamically-loadable encoding files

contain valid data, but merely that they exist.

Tcl_CreateEncoding defines a new encoding and registers the

C procedures that are called back to convert between the

encoding and UTF-8. Encodings created by Tcl_CreateEncoding

are thereafter visible in the database used by

Tcl_GetEncoding. Just as with the Tcl_GetEncoding pro-

cedure, the return value is a token that represents the

encoding and can be used in subsequent calls to other encod-

ing functions. Tcl_CreateEncoding returns an encoding with

a reference count of 1. If an encoding with the specified name already exists, then its entry in the database is

replaced with the new encoding; the token for the old encod-

ing will remain valid and continue to behave as before, but

users of the new token will now call the new encoding pro-

cedures.

The typePtr argument to Tcl_CreateEncoding contains informa-

tion about the name of the encoding and the procedures that

will be called to convert between this encoding and UTF-8.

It is defined as follows:

typedef struct Tcl_EncodingType {

CONST char *encodingName;

Tcl_EncodingConvertProc *toUtfProc;

Tcl_EncodingConvertProc *fromUtfProc;

Tcl_EncodingFreeProc *freeProc;

ClientData clientData; int nullSize;

} Tcl_EncodingType;

The encodingName provides a string name for the encoding, by which it can be referred in other procedures such as

Tcl_GetEncoding. The toUtfProc refers to a callback pro-

cedure to invoke to convert text from this encoding into

UTF-8. The fromUtfProc refers to a callback procedure to

invoke to convert text from UTF-8 into this encoding. The

freeProc refers to a callback procedure to invoke when this encoding is deleted. The freeProc field may be NULL. The

clientData contains an arbitrary one-word value passed to

toUtfProc, fromUtfProc, and freeProc whenever they are called. Typically, this is a pointer to a data structure

containing encoding-specific information that can be used by

the callback procedures. For instance, two very similar

encodings such as ascii and macRoman may use the same call-

back procedure, but use different values of clientData to control its behavior. The nullSize specifies the number of Tcl Last change: 8.1 10

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

zero bytes that signify end-of-string in this encoding. It

must be 1 (for single-byte or multi-byte encodings like

ASCII or Shift-JIS) or 2 (for double-byte encodings like

Unicode). Constant-sized encodings with 3 or more bytes per

character (such as CNS11643) are not accepted. The callback procedures toUtfProc and fromUtfProc should

match the type Tcl_EncodingConvertProc:

typedef int Tcl_EncodingConvertProc(

ClientData clientData, CONST char *src, int srcLen, int flags,

Tcl_Encoding *statePtr,

char *dst, int dstLen, int *srcReadPtr, int *dstWrotePtr, int *dstCharsPtr); The toUtfProc and fromUtfProc procedures are called by the

Tcl_ExternalToUtf or Tcl_UtfToExternal family of functions

to perform the actual conversion. The clientData parameter to these procedures is the same as the clientData field

specified to Tcl_CreateEncoding when the encoding was

created. The remaining arguments to the callback procedures are the same as the arguments, documented at the top, to

Tcl_ExternalToUtf or Tcl_UtfToExternal, with the following

exceptions. If the srcLen argument to one of those high-

level functions is negative, the value passed to the call-

back procedure will be the appropriate encoding-specific

string length of src. If any of the srcReadPtr, dstWro-

tePtr, or dstCharsPtr arguments to one of the high-level

functions is NULL, the corresponding value passed to the

callback procedure will be a non-NULL location.

The callback procedure freeProc, if non-NULL, should match

the type Tcl_EncodingFreeProc:

typedef void Tcl_EncodingFreeProc(

ClientData clientData); This freeProc function is called when the encoding is deleted. The clientData parameter is the same as the

clientData field specified to Tcl_CreateEncoding when the

encoding was created.

Tcl_GetDefaultEncodingDir and Tcl_SetDefaultEncodingDir

access and set the directory to use when locating the default encoding files. If this value is not NULL, the TclpInitLibraryPath routine appends the path to the head of the search path, and uses this path as the first place to Tcl Last change: 8.1 11

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

look into when trying to locate the encoding file. ENCODING FILES Space would prohibit precompiling into Tcl every possible encoding algorithm, so many encodings are stored on disk as

dynamically-loadable encoding files. This behavior also

allows the user to create additional encoding files that can be loaded using the same mechanism. These encoding files contain information about the tables and/or escape sequences used to map between an external encoding and Unicode. The

external encoding may consist of single-byte, multi-byte, or

double-byte characters.

Each dynamically-loadable encoding is represented as a text

file. The initial line of the file, beginning with a ``#''

symbol, is a comment that provides a human-readable descrip-

tion of the file. The next line identifies the type of encoding file. It can be one of the following letters: [1] S

A single-byte encoding, where one character is always

one byte long in the encoding. An example is iso8859-

1, used by many European languages. [2] D

A double-byte encoding, where one character is always

two bytes long in the encoding. An example is big5, used for Chinese text. [3] M

A multi-byte encoding, where one character may be

either one or two bytes long. Certain bytes are a lead bytes, indicating that another byte must follow and that together the two bytes represent one character.

Other bytes are not lead bytes and represent them-

selves. An example is shiftjis, used by many Japanese computers. [4] E

An escape-sequence encoding, specifying that certain

sequences of bytes do not represent characters, but commands that describe how following bytes should be interpreted. The rest of the lines in the file depend on the type. Cases [1], [2], and [3] are collectively referred to as

table-based encoding files. The lines in a table-based

encoding file are in the same format as this example taken from the shiftjis encoding (this is not the complete file):

# Encoding file: shiftjis, multi-byte

Tcl Last change: 8.1 12

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

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he third line of the file is three numbers. The first number is the fallback character (in base 16) to use when

converting from UTF-8 to this encoding. The second number

is a 1 if this file represents the encoding for a symbol font, or 0 otherwise. The last number (in base 10) is how many pages of data follow. Subsequent lines in the example above are pages that

describe how to map from the encoding into 2-byte Unicode.

The first line in a page identifies the page number. Fol-

lowing it are 256 double-byte numbers, arranged as 16 rows

of 16 numbers. Given a character in the encoding, the high byte of that character is used to select which page, and the low byte of that character is used as an index to select one

of the double-byte numbers in that page - the value obtained

Tcl Last change: 8.1 13

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

being the corresponding Unicode character. By examination of the example above, one can see that the characters 0x7E and 0x8163 in shiftjis map to 203E and 2026 in Unicode, respectively. Following the first page will be all the other pages, each in the same format as the first: one number identifying the

page followed by 256 double-byte Unicode characters. If a

character in the encoding maps to the Unicode character 0000, it means that the character doesn't actually exist. If all characters on a page would map to 0000, that page can be omitted.

Case [4] is the escape-sequence encoding file. The lines in

an this type of file are in the same format as this example

taken from the iso2022-jp encoding:

# Encoding file: iso2022-jp, escape-driven

E init {} final {}

iso8859-1 \x1b(B

jis0201 \x1b(J

jis0208 \x1b$@

jis0208 \x1b$B

jis0212 \x1b$(D

gb2312 \x1b$A

ksc5601 \x1b$(C

In the file, the first column represents an option and the second column is the associated value. init is a string to emit or expect before the first character is converted, while final is a string to emit or expect after the last

character. All other options are names of table-based

encodings; the associated value is the escape-sequence that

marks that encoding. Tcl syntax is used for the values; in the above example, for instance, ``{}'' represents the empty string and ``\x1b'' represents character 27.

When Tcl_GetEncoding encounters an encoding name that has

not been loaded, it attempts to load an encoding file called name.enc from the encoding subdirectory of each directory

specified in the library path $tcl_libPath. If the encoding

file exists, but is malformed, an error message will be left in interp. KEYWORDS utf, encoding, convert Tcl Last change: 8.1 14

Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_GetEncoding(3TCL)

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-

butes:

_______________________________________

| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE|

|____________________|__________________|_

| Availability | runtime/tcl-8 |

|____________________|__________________|_

| Interface Stability| Uncommitted |

|____________________|_________________|

NOTES Source for Tcl is available on http://opensolaris.org. Tcl Last change: 8.1 15