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Path::Class::Dir(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Path::Class::Dir(3)

NAME

Path::Class::Dir - Objects representing directories

SYNOPSIS

use Path::Class qw(dir); # Export a short constructor

my $dir = dir('foo', 'bar'); # Path::Class::Dir object

my $dir = Path::Class::Dir->new('foo', 'bar'); # Same thing

# Stringifies to 'foo/bar' on Unix, 'foo\bar' on Windows, etc.

print "dir: $dir\n";

if ($dir->isabsolute) { ... }

my $v = $dir->volume; # Could be 'C:' on Windows, empty string

# on Unix, 'Macintosh HD:' on Mac OS

$dir->cleanup; # Perform logical cleanup of pathname

my $file = $dir->file('file.txt'); # A file in this directory

my $subdir = $dir->subdir('george'); # A subdirectory

my $parent = $dir->parent; # The parent directory, 'foo'

my $abs = $dir->absolute; # Transform to absolute path

my $rel = $abs->relative; # Transform to relative path

my $rel = $abs->relative('/foo'); # Relative to /foo

print $dir->asforeign('Mac'); # :foo:bar:

print $dir->asforeign('Win32'); # foo\bar

# Iterate with IO::Dir methods:

my $handle = $dir->open;

while (my $file = $handle->read) {

$file = $dir->file($file); # Turn into Path::Class::File object

... }

# Iterate with Path::Class methods:

while (my $file = $dir->next) {

# $file is a Path::Class::File or Path::Class::Dir object

... }

DESCRIPTION

The "Path::Class::Dir" class contains functionality for manipulating

directory names in a cross-platform way.

MMEETTHHOODDSS

$dir = Path::Class::Dir->new( , , ... )

$dir = dir( , , ... )

Creates a new "Path::Class::Dir" object and returns it. The

arguments specify names of directories which will be joined to create a single directory object. A volume may also be specified as the first argument, or as part of the first argument. You can

use platform-neutral syntax:

my $dir = dir( 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' );

or platform-native syntax:

my $dir = dir( 'foo/bar/baz' );

or a mixture of the two:

my $dir = dir( 'foo/bar', 'baz' );

All three of the above examples create relative paths. To create an absolute path, either use the platform native syntax for doing so:

my $dir = dir( '/var/tmp' );

or use an empty string as the first argument:

my $dir = dir( '', 'var', 'tmp' );

If the second form seems awkward, that's somewhat intentional -

paths like "/var/tmp" or "\Windows" aren't cross-platform concepts

in the first place (many non-Unix platforms don't have a notion of

a "root directory"), so they probably shouldn't appear in your code

if you're trying to be cross-platform. The first form is perfectly

natural, because paths like this may come from config files, user input, or whatever. As a special case, since it doesn't otherwise mean anything useful

and it's convenient to define this way, "Path::Class::Dir->new()"

(or "dir()") refers to the current directory

("File::Spec->curdir"). To get the current directory as an

absolute path, do "dir()->absolute".

$dir->stringify

This method is called internally when a "Path::Class::Dir" object

is used in a string context, so the following are equivalent:

$string = $dir->stringify;

$string = "$dir";

$dir->volume

Returns the volume (e.g. "C:" on Windows, "Macintosh HD:" on Mac OS, etc.) of the directory object, if any. Otherwise, returns the empty string.

$dir->isdir

Returns a boolean value indicating whether this object represents a directory. Not surprisingly, "Path::Class::File" objects always

return false, and "Path::Class::Dir" objects always return true.

$dir->isabsolute

Returns true or false depending on whether the directory refers to an absolute path specifier (like "/usr/local" or "\Windows").

$dir->cleanup

Performs a logical cleanup of the file path. For instance:

my $dir = dir('/foo//baz/./foo')->cleanup;

# $dir now represents '/foo/baz/foo';

$file = $dir->file( , , ..., )

Returns a "Path::Class::File" object representing an entry in $dir

or one of its subdirectories. Internally, this just calls

"Path::Class::File->new( @ )".

$subdir = $dir->subdir( , , ... )

Returns a new "Path::Class::Dir" object representing a subdirectory

of $dir.

$parent = $dir->parent

Returns the parent directory of $dir. Note that this is the

logical parent, not necessarily the physical parent. It really means we just chop off entries from the end of the directory list until we cain't chop no more. If the directory is relative, we start using the relative forms of parent directories. The following code demonstrates the behavior on absolute and relative directories:

$dir = dir('/foo/bar');

for (1..6) {

print "Absolute: $dir\n";

$dir = $dir->parent;

}

$dir = dir('foo/bar');

for (1..6) {

print "Relative: $dir\n";

$dir = $dir->parent;

}

########### Output on Unix ################

Absolute: /foo/bar Absolute: /foo Absolute: / Absolute: / Absolute: / Absolute: / Relative: foo/bar Relative: foo Relative: . Relative: .. Relative: ../.. Relative: ../../..

@list = $dir->children

Returns a list of "Path::Class::File" and/or "Path::Class::Dir"

objects listed in this directory, or in scalar context the number

of such objects. Obviously, it is necessary for $dir to exist and

be readable in order to find its children.

Note that the children are returned as subdirectories of $dir, i.e.

the children of foo will be foo/bar and foo/baz, not bar and baz. Ordinarily "children()" will not include the self and parent

entries "." and ".." (or their equivalents on non-Unix systems),

because that's like I'm-my-own-grandpa business. If you do want

all directory entries including these special ones, pass a true value for the "all" parameter:

@c = $dir->children(); # Just the children

@c = $dir->children(all => 1); # All entries

$abs = $dir->absolute

Returns a "Path::Class::Dir" object representing $dir as an

absolute path. An optional argument, given as either a string or a

"Path::Class::Dir" object, specifies the directory to use as the

base of relativity - otherwise the current working directory will

be used.

$rel = $dir->relative

Returns a "Path::Class::Dir" object representing $dir as a relative

path. An optional argument, given as either a string or a

"Path::Class::Dir" object, specifies the directory to use as the

base of relativity - otherwise the current working directory will

be used.

$boolean = $dir->subsumes($other)

Returns true if this directory spec subsumes the other spec, and false otherwise. Think of "subsumes" as "contains", but we only

look at the specs, not whether $dir actually contains $other on the

filesystem.

The $other argument may be a "Path::Class::Dir" object, a

"Path::Class::File" object, or a string. In the latter case, we assume it's a directory.

# Examples:

dir('foo/bar' )->subsumes(dir('foo/bar/baz')) # True

dir('/foo/bar')->subsumes(dir('/foo/bar/baz')) # True

dir('foo/bar' )->subsumes(dir('bar/baz')) # False

dir('/foo/bar')->subsumes(dir('foo/bar')) # False

$boolean = $dir->contains($other)

Returns true if this directory actually contains $other on the

filesystem. $other doesn't have to be a direct child of $dir, it

just has to be subsumed.

$foreign = $dir->asforeign($type)

Returns a "Path::Class::Dir" object representing $dir as it would

be specified on a system of type $type. Known types include

"Unix", "Win32", "Mac", "VMS", and "OS2", i.e. anything for which there is a subclass of "File::Spec". Any generated objects (subdirectories, files, parents, etc.) will also retain this type.

$foreign = Path::Class::Dir->newforeign($type, @args)

Returns a "Path::Class::Dir" object representing $dir as it would

be specified on a system of type $type. Known types include

"Unix", "Win32", "Mac", "VMS", and "OS2", i.e. anything for which there is a subclass of "File::Spec". The arguments in @args are the same as they would be specified in "new()".

@list = $dir->dirlist([OFFSET, [LENGTH]])

Returns the list of strings internally representing this directory structure. Each successive member of the list is understood to be an entry in its predecessor's directory list. By contract,

"Path::Class->new( $dir->dirlist )" should be equivalent to $dir.

The semantics of this method are similar to Perl's "splice" or "substr" functions; they return "LENGTH" elements starting at "OFFSET". If "LENGTH" is omitted, returns all the elements starting at "OFFSET" up to the end of the list. If "LENGTH" is negative, returns the elements from "OFFSET" onward except for

"-LENGTH" elements at the end. If "OFFSET" is negative, it counts

backward "OFFSET" elements from the end of the list. If "OFFSET" and "LENGTH" are both omitted, the entire list is returned. In a scalar context, "dirlist()" with no arguments returns the number of entries in the directory list; "dirlist(OFFSET)" returns the single element at that offset; "dirlist(OFFSET, LENGTH)" returns the final element that would have been returned in a list context.

$fh = $dir->open()

Passes $dir to "IO::Dir->open" and returns the result as an

"IO::Dir" object. If the opening fails, "undef" is returned and $!

is set.

$dir->mkpath($verbose, $mode)

Passes all arguments, including $dir, to "File::Path::mkpath()" and

returns the result (a list of all directories created).

$dir->rmtree($verbose, $cautious)

Passes all arguments, including $dir, to "File::Path::rmtree()" and

returns the result (the number of files successfully deleted).

$dir->remove()

Removes the directory, which must be empty. Returns a boolean value indicating whether or not the directory was successfully removed. This method is mainly provided for consistency with "Path::Class::File"'s "remove()" method.

$dirorfile = $dir->next()

A convenient way to iterate through directory contents. The first time "next()" is called, it will "open()" the directory and read the first item from it, returning the result as a

"Path::Class::Dir" or "Path::Class::File" object (depending, of

course, on its actual type). Each subsequent call to "next()" will simply iterate over the directory's contents, until there are no more items in the directory, and then the undefined value is returned. For example, to iterate over all the regular files in a directory:

while (my $file = $dir->next) {

next unless -f $file;

my $fh = $file->open('r') or die "Can't read $file: $!";

... } If an error occurs when opening the directory (for instance, it doesn't exist or isn't readable), "next()" will throw an exception

with the value of $!.

$dir->recurse( callback => sub {...} )

Iterates through this directory and all of its children, and all of its children's children, etc., calling the "callback" subroutine for each entry. This is a lot like what the "File::Find" module does, and of course "File::Find" will work fine on "Path::Class" objects, but the advantage of the "recurse()" method is that it will also feed your callback routine "Path::Class" objects rather than just pathname strings. The "recurse()" method requires a "callback" parameter specifying the subroutine to invoke for each entry. It will be passed the "Path::Class" object as its first argument. "recurse()" also accepts two boolean parameters, "depthfirst" and "preorder" that control the order of recursion. The default is a

preorder, breadth-first search, i.e. "depthfirst => 0, preorder =>

1". At the time of this writing, all combinations of these two parameters are supported except "depthfirst => 0, preorder => 0".

$st = $file->stat()

Invokes "File::stat::stat()" on this directory and returns a "File::stat" object representing the result.

$st = $file->lstat()

Same as "stat()", but if $file is a symbolic link, "lstat()" stats

the link instead of the directory the link points to. AUTHOR Ken Williams, ken@mathforum.org